and is a fine and safe port. In the town there are two cathedrals (the Roman Catholic and the Anglican), and outside it a botanical garden. San Fernando, about 30 miles southward, with a population of 7000, is an important shipping place.
Of the total area about 300,000 acres are cultivated. The principal productions of the island are sugar and cocoa; coffee is also becoming important. Trinidad has suffered much from the effect of foreign state bounties, especially the export premiums of Germany and France. The sugar production in 1871 was 53,000 tons, in 1881 44,000 tons, and in 1885 64,000 tons. The principal exports in 1885 were sugar, 64,000 tons (value 684,675); rum, 72,525 galls. (7878); molasses, 2,416,761 galls. (45,835); cocoa, 14,904,840 Ibs. (421,974); coffee, 20,270 Ibs.; asphalt, 28,505 tons raw and 6731 tons boiled; cocoa-nuts, 9,645,700; bitters (Angostura and others) and liquors, 32,240 galls.; the total value was 2,246,664, including 707,421 specie and bullion. The imports in 1885 (including bullion and specie) were 2,241,478. Among the principal items are cottons, linens, woollens, and textiles generally (largely from the United Kingdom), 235,895; fish, flour, and provisions (principally from the United States), 270,000; lumber (from Canada), 43,075; rice (half from India), 113,940; hardware and machinery (principally from the United Kingdom), 116,894; gold (principally from Venezuela in transit), 651,398. The sailing vessels entering Trinidad ports in 1885 had a burden of 150,219 tons, the steamers a burden of 385,950 tons. The total public revenue in 1885 was 429,307, of which 240,444 was for customs and excise. The total expenditure was 443,920. There are 145 public schools, of which 61 are Government and 61 assisted, Avith a total attendance of 13,282 scholars. The principal towns are connected by railway lines.
Trinidad was discovered by Columbus on 31st July 1496. It remained in Spanish possession (although its principal town, San Jose de Oruna, was burnt by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595) until 1797, when a British expedition from Martinique caused its capitulation, and it was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1802 by the treaty of Amiens. Its real starting-point as a productive country was in 1781, when the Madrid Government began to attract foreign immigrants. Trinidad is still strictly a crown colony of Great Britain. The legislative council includes the governor as president, and six official and eight unofficial members, all appointed by the crown. During the labour crisis caused by emancipation and the subsequent equalization of the British duties on free and slave-grown sugar, the colony was greatly assisted by the skilful administration of Lord Harris, governor from 1846 to 1851.
See De Verteuil, Trinidad; Colonial Office List; Guppy, Trinidad Almanac; and Government Geological Survey.
TRINITARIANS (Ordo Sanctx Trinitatis et Captorum), a religious order instituted about the year 1197 by Inno cent III., at the instance of John de Matha (1160-1213) and Felix de Valois (ob. 1212), for the ransom of captives among the Moors and Saracens. The rule was the Augustinian, the dress white with a red and blue cross. De Matha was the first general and De Valois the first abbot of the mother house at Cerffroid near Meaux, where the idea of the institution had originated in a miraculous ap parition. By 1200 as many as 200 Christians had been redeemed out of slavery in Morocco by the order, which accordingly spread rapidly not only in France but also in Italy and Spain. Further favoured by Honorius III. and Clement IV., the Trinitarians spread into Portugal, the United Kingdom, Bohemia, Saxony, Poland, and Hungary, and even into America. In the 18th century they had in all about 300 houses; but the order is now almost extinct. About the middle of the 17th century it was stated that in France the " redemptions " up to that time had numbered 246, the number of prisoners bought off being 30,720; for Castile and Leon the corresponding figures were 362 and 11,809. The order is sometimes spoken of as the " ordo asinorum " from the circumstance that originally its members were not permitted to use any other beast of burden. In France they were known as Mathurins from the chapel of St Mathurin or Mathelin in Paris, which belonged to them.
TRINITY HOUSE, Corporation of.An association of English mariners, which originally had its head-quarters at Deptford in Kent. In its first charter, received from Henry VIII. in 1514, it was described as the "guild or fraternity of the most glorious and undividable Trinity of St Clement," the court being made to consist of master, wardens, and assistants, numbering thirteen in all and elected annually by the brethren. Deptford having been made a royal dockyard by Henry VIII., and being the station where outgoing ships were supplied with pilots, the corporation rapidly developed its influence and useful ness. By Henry VIII. it was entrusted with the direction of the new naval dockyard. From Elizabeth, who conferred on it a grant of arms in 1573, it received authority to erect beacons and other marks for the guidance of navigators along the coasts of England. It was also recognized as the authority in the construction of vessels for the royal navy. In 1604 a select class was constituted called elder brethren, the other members being called younger brethren. By the charter of 1609 the sole management of affairs was conferred on the elder brethren, the younger brethren, however, having a vote in the election of master and wardens. The practical duties of the fraternity are discharged by the acting elder brethren, who have all had experience in naval affairs; but as a mark of honour persons of rank and eminence are admitted as elder brethren and now form a large proportion of the members. In 1647 the corporation was dissolved by parliament, but it was reconstructed in 1660, and the charter was renewed by James II. in 1685. A new hall and almshouses were erected at Deptford in 1765; but for some time the offices of the corporation had been transferred to London, and in 1798 their headquarters were removed to Trinity House, Tower Hill, built from the designs of Wyatt. By an Act of 1836 they received powers to purchase from the crown,, as well as from private proprietors, all interests in coast lights. For the maintenance of lights, buoys, &c., they had power to raise money by tolls, the surplus being devoted to the relief of old and indigent mariners or their near relatives. In 1853 the control of the funds collected by the corpora tion was transferred to the Board of Trade, and the money over which the brethren were allowed independent control was ultimately reduced to the private income derived from funded and trust property. Their practical duties in the erection of lighthouses, buoys, and beacons remain as im portant as ever, the number of persons employed in their service being over 800. They also examine navigating lieutenants in the royal navy, and act as nautical advisers in the High Court of Admiralty.
TRINITY SUNDAY, which immediately follows Whit sunday, was in the older liturgies regarded merely as the "Octave" of Pentecost. The habit of keeping it as a distinct festival seems to have sprung up about the llth century. According to Gervase of Canterbury, it was Thomas Becket who introduced it into England in 1162. The universal observance of it was established by Pope John XXII. in 1334.
Plate V.
- ↑ Concerning the last-named districts full information can be found in Sahara und Sudan (Berlin, 1879–81) by Dr Nachtigal, who continued the explorations of southern Tripoli commenced by Barth and Rohlfs. Consult also Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, by Denham, Clapperton, and Oudney, London, 1826.
