Lord Kames, was published in 1778, and a continuation appeared in 1796. In 1780 Tytler was appointed conjoint professor of universal history in the university of Edinburgh, becoming sole professor in 1786. In 1782 he published Outlines of his course of lectures, afterwards extended and republished under the title of Elements of General History. The Elements has passed through many editions, and has been translated into several European languages as well as into Hindustani. The lectures themselves were published in 1834 in Murray's Family Library. In 1790 Tytler was appointed judge-advocate of Scotland, and while holding this office he wrote a Treatise on the Law of Courts-Martial. In 1801 he was raised to the bench, taking his seat (1802) in the court of session as Lord Woodhouselee. He died at Edinburgh on 5th January 1813.
Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of several papers in the Mirror, the Lounger, and the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; he also wrote Life and Writings of Dr John Gregory; Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1790; a dissertation on Final Causes, prefixed to his edition of Derham's Physico-Theology, 1799; a political pamphlet entitled Ireland profiting by Example, 1799; an Essay on Laura and Petrarch; and The Life and Writings of Henry Home, Lord Kames, 1807.
2. Patrick Fraser Tytler (1791-1849), as the son of Lord Woodhouselee and grandson of William Tytler, may be said to have inherited a taste for literary and historical pursuits. He was born at Edinburgh on 30th August 1791, and was educated chiefly at the High School and university, being called to the bar in 1813. His earliest literary effort appears to have been a chapter or two contributed to Alison's Travels in France (1815); and his first independent essays were papers in Blackwood's Magazine. Inheriting the family talent for music, and with a facility in throwing off humorous little poems and songs, he made several contributions to Thomson's Select Melodies of Scotland, 1824. In 1819 he published the Life of James Crichton of Cluny, commonly called the Admirable Crichton, a second edition appearing in 1823. This was followed by a Memoir of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton, 1823; an Essay on the Revival of Greek Literature in Italy, and a Life of John Wickliff, published anonymously, in 1826. The History of Scotland was undertaken at the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, and occupied Tytler for nearly twenty years, in the course of which he removed to London for convenience of research. The first volume appeared in 1828, and the ninth and last in 1843. The original investigations on which the work was founded gave it an authority which no previous history of Scotland possessed, and the clear and graphic style made it interesting and popular. The last few years of his life were spent in physical prostration and mental depression, and he died at Great Malvern on 24th December 1849.
During the progress of his History a large amount of other work came from his pen, as the following list shows:—Lives of Scottish Worthies, for Murray's Family Library, 3 vols., 1831-33; Historical View of the Progress of Discovery in America, 1832, and Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1833, for the Edinburgh Cabinet Library; Life of Henry VIII., 1837; England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, from original letters, 2 vols., 1839; article "Scotland" in the seventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (afterwards published separately as a school history); Notes on The Darnley Jewel, 1843; on the Portraits of Mary Queen of Scots, 1845 (privately printed); and Memoirs of the War carried on in Scotland and Ireland, 1689-91, by General Mackay, edited in conjunction with Hog and Urquhart, and presented to the Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs in 1833.
3. William Tytler (1711-1792), of Woodhouselee, writer on historical and antiquarian subjects, was the son of Alexander Tytler, writer in Edinburgh, and was born in that city on 12th October 1711. He was educated at the High School and the university, and, having adopted his father's profession, was in 1744 admitted into the society of Writers to the Signet. While successfully practising as a lawyer, he found time to devote attention to historical investigation. In 1759 he published an Inquiry, Historical and Critical, into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots, and an Examination of the Histories of Dr Robertson and Mr Hume with respect to that Evidence. This work, which warmly defended the character of the queen, met with great success. Four editions, the later ones considerably enlarged, were published in the author's lifetime; and it was translated into French. In 1783 he published the Poetical Remains of James the First, King of Scotland, to which he added a dissertation on the life and writings of the royal author. He wrote an essay on "Scottish Music," which was appended to Arnot's History of Edinburgh. His "Dissertation on the Marriage of Queen Mary to the Earl of Bothwell" and "Observations on the Vision, a Poem," appeared in the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1791-92). A paper in the Lounger, on "Defects of Modern Female Education," and an Account of Fashionable Amusements in Edinburgh in the Seventeenth Century complete the list of his works. He died at Edinburgh on 12th September 1792.
TYUMEÑ, a district town of West Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, is situated at a point where the chief highway from Russia across the Urals touches the first navigable river (the Tura) of Siberia. A railway passing through Ekaterinburg and the principal iron works on the eastern slopes of the middle Urals connects Tyumeñ with Perm, the terminus of steamboat traffic on the Kama and Volga. The Tura being a tributary of the Tobol, which joins the Irtish, a tributary of the Ob, Tyumeñ has regular steam communication with Omsk and Semipalatinsk by the Irtish (steamers penetrating as far as Lake Zaisan in Dzungaria); with Tomsk, Barnaul, and Biysk, in the Altai, by the Ob and the Tom; with Irbit—the seat of the great Siberian fair—by the Tura and the Nitsa; and by the Tobol, the Irtish, and the Ob with the Arctic Ocean and the fisheries of the lower Ob. Tyumeñ stands also at the western extremity of the Siberian highway which goes via Omsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsk. In summer the Tura sometimes falls so low that steamers have to stop 90 miles off, passengers and goods being taken thence to Tyumeñ in lighter vessels. The town is well built, and stands on both banks of the Tura, which is here spanned by a bridge. The portion on the low left bank is inhabited by the poorest class and is often inundated; the best houses are on the high right bank. The streets are unpaved, but the houses (principally wooden) are for the most part inclosed by gardens. The people, who are famed throughout Siberia for their good looks, have always been renowned for their industrial skill. Woollen cloth, linen, belts, and especially boots and gloves, are manufactured to a large amount (70,000 pairs of boots and 300,000 pairs of gloves annually). Tyumeñ carpets, although made in the simplest way and with the plainest tools, have a wide renown in Russia and Siberia, and recently have appeared in the markets of western Europe as of Oriental origin. All kinds of metal wares are made in small workshops. Sheepskins and various kinds of cloth are extensively manufactured, and the leather prepared at the tanneries (100 in number) is extensively sold all over Siberia, the Kirghiz steppe, and Bokhara. An establishment has recently been opened for the construction of barges, and a paper-mill, the first in Siberia, was opened in 1886. The trade of Tyumeñ is exceeded only by that of Irkutsk and of Tomsk. In addition to its primary schools Tyumeñ has a "real" school. The population, which is of a fluctuating character in summer, is differently estimated at 13,000, 14,500, and 18,000.
TZARSKOYE SELO.See Tsarskoye Selo.
TZETZES, JOANNES, a voluminous Byzantine writer of the 12th century. See Greece vol. xi. p. 145 sq.
