very superior quality. Their annual value is about 1,000,000. Except in Styria and Moravia there is little glass made in other parts of the country, and that only of the commoner sorts.- The manufacture of mirrors is also extensively carried on in Bohemia and some other parts. Bohemia and Moravia are likewise distinguished for their earthen and porcelain wares. The preparation of chemical stuff s has been of late years greatly extended, and is now actively carried on. Sulphuric and muriatic acids are largely made in Bohemia, Lower Austria, and Silesia ; pharmaceutical preparations and perfumes are made chiefly in Vienna, and dye-stuffs in Lower Austria and Bohemia. The manufacture of wooden articles is wide spread over the country, and affords employment to a great number of persons. The smaller articles, particularly children s toys, are largely made by the peasantry in the mountainous and rural dis tricts, particularly in Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, and Bohemia. Furniture, waggons, and carriages are made in Vienna and other large towns. There are also several establishments for the manufacture of railway carriages in Vienna and Prague.
The manufacture of mathematical, optical, and surgical instru ments, and of physical and chemical apparatus, has of late years risen rapidly into importance, particularly in Vienna and Prague, and now these are to be found among the exports to other countries. Austria is also distinguished for the manufacture of musical instru ments, particularly pianos and organs, but also for other stringed and wind instruments. Clock or watch making is not very extensively carried on.
The leather manufacture forms an important branch of industry,
the value of the goods annually produced being estimated at not less than jl 0,000, 000 It is principally carried on in Lower Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Galicia, Transylvania, and Hungary. Vienna and Prague are the great centres of the boot and shoe trade, and the gloves made in these towns are considered little inferior to those of France. Saddlery is also largely carried on in these towns, and in Pesth.
Paper-making lias of late made considerable progress in Austria. There are 70 paper machines and 193 paper mills in operation, 20 of the former and 100 of the latter being in Bohemia, The rest are mostly in Lower Austria, Styria, and Fiume. Painting, lithograph ing, engraving, and map making, are actively carried on in Vienna and some of tlie other large towns. There are 44 printing and 78 lithographic establishments in Vienna alone.
Austria is noted for its beer, particularly that of Vienna and Bohemia. There are about 3200 breweries in the country, of which more than 1000 are in Bohemia. The largest establishments, how ever, are in Lower Austria, in the neighbourhood of Vienna. The annual quantity of beer made is estimated at about 186,000,000 gallons. Brandy is made largely in Hungary, Galicia, and Bucko- vina, and to a less extent in Bohemia, Moravia, and Lower Austria. Kosoglio, maraschino, and other liqueurs, are made in Dalmatia and Moravia.
The manufacture of suyar from beet-root is in a very flourishing state, and is rapidly extending In 1857 there were in Austria Proper 91 sugar-works, consuming 8,300,000 cwt. of beet, which amounts were in 1870 raised to 190 and 24,834,646 respectively. In Bohemia alone there were 126 works, consuming 15,279,000 cwt. of beet. Of the other works, Moravia possessed 45, Silesia 10, Lower Austria 6, Galicia 5. This manufacture is alsc carried on to some extent in Hungary and Transylvania.
The manufacture as well as the growth of tobacco is a govern ment monopoly. There are 22 establishments for the manufacture of tobacco and cigars, employing about 20,000 workpeople. Of these there are 5 in Lower Austria, 3 in Galicia, 2 in Moravia, 2 in Tyrol, and 4 in Hungary. The largest are those of Hamburg in Lower Austria (where about one-sixth of the whole is manufactured), Fiirstenfeld in Styria, and Sedler in Bohemia. About 70,000,000 R> of tobacco are manufactured annually.
The annual value of the industrial products of Austria is esti mated at not less than 130,000,000, of which 33 per cent, falls to the eastern, and 67 per cent, to the western half of the country. Among the crown -lands, 18 per cent, belongs to Bohemia alone, 15 to Lower Austria, 15 to Hungary, 6 to Transylvania and the other Hungarian crown-lands, 11 to Galicia and Buckowina, 10 to Moravia, 6 to Tyrol, 4 to Styria, and 4 to Upper Austria.
Commerce.
Commerce. Austria is not favourably situated for commerce on account of its inland position, its small extent of sea-coast, and the mountainous character of much of its surface. Its trade was also formerly very much hampered by high duties, and restrictions of various kinds. These, however, have now been very much modified or removed, and its trade has in consequence rapidly improved. Much has been done, too, in the way of making and improving the roads, opening mountain passes, constructing railways, and establishing lines of steamers. In 1874 there were 9530 miles cf railway in operation, of which 5755 were in Austria and 3775 in Hungary. Besides these there were about 2000 miles in course of construction. There are also 59,770 miles of highways, of which 70 per cent, are in Austria and 30 in Hungary. Bohemia, in particular, is distinguished for the number and excellence of its roads. The river Danube is navigable for steamers for its entire length in the country from Passau to Orsova. Many of its affluents are also navigable for a considerable length, particularly the Theiss, Drave, and Save. The Danube Steam Company possesses 155 steamers, of 13,946 horse power, and 495 towed boats. There are also steamers on a number of the larger lakes. Altogether, Austria possesses 4240 miles of navigable river and canal communication, of which the greater part (60 per cent.) is in Hungary.
The principal seaports of Austria are Trieste and Fiume, at the head of the Adriatic, the former in the Maritime crown-land, the latter in that of Croatia. The number of vessels that entered the port of Trieste in 1870 was sailing vessels, laden, 5332; in ballast, 898; total tonnage, 407,606; value of imports, 4,673,170: steamers, laden, 924; in ballast, 900; total tonnage, 552,497; value of imports, 12,586,950. The number of vessels that left was sailing vessels, laden, 4409 ; in ballast, 1794 ; total tonnage, 441,601 ; value of exports, 3,325,400 : steamers, laden, 920 ; in ballast, 900; total tonnage, 571,175 ; value of exports, 6,716,940. Trieste is the seat of the Austrian Lloyds Company, which trades principally with the eastern ports of the Mediterranean, Galacz, Sinope, Smyrna, Beirout, Alexandria, &c. They own 68 steam vessels. The number of vessels that entered the port of Fiume in 1870 was sailing vessels, laden, 1530 ; in ballast, 270 ; total ton nage, 77,499; value of imports, 519,820: steamers, laden, 229 ; in ballast, 17; total tonnage, 52,671 ; value of imports, 174,720. The number of vessels that left was sailing vessels, laden, 1180 ; in ballast, 622 ; total tonnage, 88,781 ; value of exports, 366,790 : steamers, laden, 245; in ballast, 1 ; total tonnage, 52,671 ; value of exports, 94,340.
The commercial navy of Austria in 1870 comprised 83 steam vessels, of 47,242 tons burden, having 2352 men; 5G6 large sailing vessels, trading with foreign countries, of 255,930 tons burden, having 5939 men ; and 2487 coasting vessels, of 555,318 tons burden, having 7588 men. Besides these, there were 4717 smaller vessels, with 14,475 tons and 12,305 men, employed as lighters, in fishing, <kc. The number of trading vessels that entered and left the various ports in 1870 was entered, sailing vessels, Austrian, laden, 17,564 (tonnage, 486,745); in ballast, 9727 (tonnage, 270,887); foreign, laden, 4360 (tonnage, 263,942) ; in ballast, 2793 (tonnage, 184,760) : steamers, Austrian, laden, 4964 (tonnage, 1,676,095) ; in ballast, 2597 (tonnage, 409,480) ; foreign, laden, 179 (tonnage, 138,032) ; in ballast, 12 (tonnage, 7847). Left sailing vessels, Austrian, laden, 17,204 (tonnage, 468,093) ; in ballast, 10,308 (tonnage, 290,531) ; foreign, laden, 5705 (tonnage, 384,019) ; in ballast, 1976 (tonnage, 103,995) : steamers, Austrian, laden, 4160 (tonnage, 1,403,865) ; in ballast, 3397 (tonnage, 678,512) ; foreign, laden, 160 (tonnage, 143,100); in ballast, 32 (tonnage, 21,790). Total entered Austrian vessels, 34,852 (tonnage, 2,843,207) ; foreign, 7344 (tonnage, 594,581) : left Austrian, 35,069 (tonnage, 2,841,001) ; foreign, 7271 (tonnage, 652,904). The total value of the imports was 16,630,150; of the exports, 13,052,250 7,098,180 of the former, and 3,578,810 of the latter, being in foreign vessels. The principal foreign trade is carried on with Italy, Greece, Turkey, England, Holland, Norway and Sweden, North Germany, Denmark, and North America. The number of vessels belonging to the principal foreign states that entered and left the various ports in 1870, was as follows:—
| Entered. | Left. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vessels. | Tonnage. | Value of Cargoes. | Vessels. | Tonnage. | Vale of Cargoes | |
| Italian | 3557 | 185,142 | 1,623,730 | 4,508 | 301,781 | 1,539.910 |
| Greek | 383 | 31,511 | 448,140 | 313 | 35.415 | 303,260 |
| Turkish | 234 | 13,367 | 156,940 | 126 | 12.455 | f25,510 |
| British | 213 | 137,330 | 3,724,810 | 175 | 138,462 | 1,237,390 |
| Dutch | 41 | 8,795 | 234,710 | 35 | 8,770 | 112,160 |
| Swedish & Norwegian | 30 | 7,471 | 264,870 | 23 | 8,762 | 71,980 |
The principal imports, with their values, were coffee, 505,370; sugar, 218,950 ; tobacco, in leaf, 417,670 ; ditto, manufactured, 457,520; wheat, 311,500; make, 331,060; flour, 431,840; olive oil, 778,890; iron, raw and wrought, 1,210,570; raw cotton, 1,855,210 ; cotton yarn, 303,130 ; cotton goods, 1,375,390; linen goods, 226,470; wool, 266,270; woollen goods, 252,900 ; machines, 216,010. The principal exports were coffee, 336,610 ; sugar, 381,090 ; manufactured tobacco, 370,610; wheat, 244,410; maize, 434,980; flour, 938,730; olive oil, 614,640; spirits of wine, 334,620; barrel staves, 517,520; building stones, 307,040; raw cotton, 293,750; cotton goods, 2,030,060; wool, 109,490; woollen goods, 249,738 ; articles of clothing, 212,540 ; paper, 256,070. As might be expected from its natural position, the overland foreign trade of Austria is more important than its sea traffic. While the latter amounted to 29,682,400, the former was no less than 55,039,034 (imports, 27,890,151; exports, 27,143,853). Of the overland trade about 74 per cent, is with Germir.iy, 14 with
