Brought forward, 580,232 Customs Duties 1,555,600 Payments by Hungary on account of Military Frontiers 188,319 Share of Expenditure falling to Austria (70 p.c.).. 6,459,368 ,, ,, Hungary (30. p.c.) 2,768,302 11,551,821 The budget of Austria Proper for 1873 was as follows : Receipts. Direct Taxes 9,034,400 Customs Duties 2,314,100 Duties on Articles of Consumption 5,876,230 Salt Monopoly 1,872,000 Tobacco Monopoly 5,812,600 Stamps 1,400,000 Judicial Fees 3,360,000 State Lottery 1,526,000 Octroi 274,300 State Property and Mint 177,748 Domains and Forests 449,800 Mines 477,050 Post-Office and Telegraphs 1,932,200 Miscellaneous 4,861,341 39,367,769 Expenditure. Imperial Household 615,000 Cabinet Chancery 7,221 Reichsrath 56,436 Court of the Empire 2,300 Council of Ministers 59,200 Ministry of the Interior 1,838,061 ,, National Defence 891,300 ,, Religion and Education 1,384,270 Finance 8,023,323 ,, Commerce 3,262,576 Agriculture 1,060,853 ,, Justice 1,529,226 Board of Control 14,820 Pensions, Grants, and Subsidies 2,381,628 Share of Interest on Public Debt 9,320,269 Administration of Public Debt 746,600 Proportion of Public Expenditure 7, 799, 846 38,992,929 The budget for 1874 gives the revenue as 38,329,897, and the expenditure as 39,896,531; and that for 1875, the revenue as 36,942,969, and the expenditure as 38,178,255. The budget of the kingdom of Hungary for 1873 was as follows : Receipts. Direct Taxes 4,481,842 Indirect do 7,166,546 State Domains, Mines, Mint, &c. ) < QQQ QQI Post-Office, &c " Miscellaneous 1,262.652 16,911,071 Expenditure. Royal Household 365,000 Cabinet Chancery 6,139 Reichstag 70,000 Council of Ministers 35,908 Ministry of the Court 36,393 Interior 755,713 War 896,670 Religion and Education 375,217 Justice 1,068,147 Agriculture and Commerce.... 1,189,733 Roads, &c 4,778,958 Finance 6,468,481 Croatia 425,670 Share of Interest on Public Debt 3,272,320 Ordinary Expenses 2,829,321 Miscellaneous 650,264 23,220,939 The budget for 1874 gives the revenue as 22,402,790, and the expenditure as 25,673,382, being a deficit of 3,270,592. Though the Austrian budget for 1873 presents a surplus, there had for many years previously been a large annual deficit, amount ing in some years to 6,000,000 or 7,000,000 ; and the two sub sequent years also show a considerable deficiency. Consequently, the public debt has been rapidly increasing. In 1815 the national debt amounted to 82,500,000, in 1830 to 108,000,000, in 1848 to 125,000,000, in 1857 to 239,000,000, in 1866 to 291,000,000, and in 1874 to 323,800,000, of which 264,000,000 was funded, 22,200,000 redeemable, and 37,600,000 floating debt. By the cession of the Lorn bardo- Venetian provinces in 1866, Austria was relieved of 3,500,000 of debt aii ecting those territories. The kingdom of Hungary had also at the end of 1873 a debt of 48,871,783.
Austria is said to have "during the last few years made greater Army. sacrifices to improve the efficiency of her army and obtained greater results than any other nation in Europe. Her military educational establishments and system of training, both elementary and pro fessional, for officers and men, are of a very high order" (Captain "W". S. Cooke On the Armed Strength of Austria, 1873). A new scheme of army organisation was brought into operation in 1869, by which the military forces of the whole empire are divided into the standing army with its reserve, the Landwehr, the Ersatz- reserve, and the Landsturm. The standing army is maintained for the defence of the empire against a foreign foe, and for the preserva tion of order and security at home. The Landwehr is intended to support the standing army in time of war and for home defence. The Ersatz -reserve is composed of a certain class of conscripts who are destined to fill up the ranks of the standing army in time of war, but in peace remain on permanent furlough. The Landsturm is made up of volunteers who do not belong either to the standing army, the navy, or the Laudwehr. It is called out and organised to the extent required when the country is threatened by a hostile invasion, and is intended to support the standing army and Land wehr. Military service is compulsory on all citizens capable of bearing arms. The term of service lasts for twelve years three in the standing army, seven in the reserve, and two in the Land wehr. The strength of the army in peace is fixed at 252,000 men, to be raised during war to 800,000, of which Austria has to furnish 457,012, and Hungary 342,988. It is composed of 80 regi ments of infantry, 41 regiments of cavalry, 13 regiments of artillery, 2 regiments of engineers, 1 regiment pioneers, and other troops. (See AKMY, vol. ii. p. 604.) The navy was in 1874 composed of 47 steam- Navy, vessels, of 96,700 tons burden and 16,635 horse-power, carrying 395 guns ; 17 sailing vessels, of 11,800 tons; and 6 steam tenders, of!260 tons burden and 366 horse-power. The number of seamen in peace, 5782 ; in war, 11,532. The naval stations are Pola and Trieste. The present empire of Austria took its rise in a margra- History, viate founded by Charlemagne, towards the close of the 8th century, in that fertile tract of country lying along the southern bank of the Danube to the east of the River Enns, and now included in Lower Austria. It was called Ostreich or Oesterreich, the eastern country, from its position relative to the rest of Germany. It continued to be ruled by margraves (Ger. Markgraf, lord of the marches) for several centuries, down to the year 1156, when the territory west of the Enns was added to it, and it was raised to a duchy. It subsequently received further accessions of territory, and in 1453 was made an arch duchy.
The country of the present archduchy of Austria was in early times inhabited by the Taurisci, a Celtic race, who were afterwards better known as the Norici. They were conquered by the Eomans in 14 B.C. ; and thereafter a portion of what is now Lower Austria and Styria, together with the municipal city of Vindobona, now Vienna, and even then a place of considerable importance, was formed into the province of Pannonia ; and the rest of Lower Austria and Styria, together with Carinthia and a part of Carniola, into that of JSToricum. Tyrol was included in Rhtetia, while north of the Danube, and extending to the borders of Bohemia and Moravia, were the territories of the Marcomanni and the Quadi. These were not unfre- quently troublesome to the Romans ; and during the greater part of the reign of Marcus Aurelius, from 169 to 180 A.D., they maintained with varying success a harass ing war against them. In 174 the Roman army was so nearly cut off by the Quadi that its safety was attributed to a miracle. The emperor died at Vindobona when on an expedition against those troublesome neighbours, and his successor, Commodus, was glad to make peace with them. On the decline of the imperial power these Roman pro
vinces became a prey to the incursions of barbaric tribes. ,
