the equalization of the English sugar duties upon slave and free grown sugar, they fell to 21,996 hhds. From 1850 to 1872, the average quantity exported annually was 44,000 hhds. The crop of 1873 yielded only 37,337 hhds. The total values of imports and exports in 1850, 1860, and 1873 were as follows:—
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Imports. Exports. 1850 734,358 831,534 I860 941,761 984,294 1873 1,193,814 1,024,083
Of the imports 365,189 were from thellnited Kingdom, 171,592 from British Colonies, 485,275 from the United States, and the remainder from other foreign countries. The exports were thus distributed: 471,175 to the United Kingdom, 388,791 to British Colonies, and 164,166 to foreign countries, including 125,640 to United States. Of the total exports 65 per cent, consisted of native productions, sugar, molasses, and rum. The balance consists of the transit trade, which contributes largely and increasingly to the commercial business of the island. The number of ships entered from the United Kingdom in 1873 was 74, tonnage, 22,590 ; from United States, 181, tonnage, 40,725 ; from British North American Colonies, 125, tonnage, 19,283; from West Indies and Guiana, 851, tonnage, 44,323. The total number of ships entered was 1406, with a tonnage of 153,400 tons. But in 1873 the crop was defi cient. The figures for 1875 will show the employment of a much larger quantity of shipping.
Barbados is gradually becoming the central mart for all the Wind ward Islands, even Trinidad finding it more advantageous to derive her breadstufFs, &c., from this quarter, than to import them direct from the continent. There was formerly an extensive whale-fishery round the island, and recently attempts have been made to revive its importance. Many other fishes would afford an excellent return, but this source of wealth is in great measure neglected. The anchovy is frequently driven up in shoals on the coast. The flying-fish is one of the principal articles in the Bridgetown market ; barracoudas, sharks, and conger-eels are also exposed.
The local government consists of a governor (who is also governor-in-chief of St Vincent, Givnada, Tobago, and St Lucia) ; a legislative council (the members of which form as well an executive council), appointed by the sovereign, and holding office during pleasure, and the house of assembly. In former times the council exercised judicial functions, but in 1841 a chief-justice was ap pointed, and recent improvements have relieved the council of their equity and nearly all their appellate jurisdiction. The island is still divided into 11 parishes, each of which sends two representatives to the assembly. In addition to the parishes, Bridgetown sends two members. The number of voters, with the necessary property qualification, is about 1350. The business of the legislature is con ducted according to the forms of the English Parliament, even to the election of a speaker to preside over the assembly, the initiation of money bills in that house, and the assertion of the right to exclude strangers. The assembly is elected annually. The revenue of the island in 1873 was 123,676, derived mainly from import duties, tonnage and port-dues, licences, and rum duty. The ex penditure was 151,796. The total parochial taxation in 1873 was 31,569, which brings the gross amount of general taxation to 155,245, being at the rate of 1, 9s. Id. per acre, or 17s. 6d. per head of population. The island is free from debt. The judicial establishment includes a court of chancery, which is conducted according to the rules, and follows the decisions, of the English court ; a court of common pleas, criminal sessions, &c. The common law of England, modified by local enactments, is in force inBarbados.
The Church of England is the prevailing form of religion in the island. In 1871 the population was thus classified : Church of England, 144,080 ; Wesleyans, 12,267 ; Moravians, 4733 ; and Roman Catholics, 513. Each parish has a rector, and there are twenty-eight curates in the island, all paid by the colonial revenue. The other denominations are also now entitled to grants. In the early days of the plantation, the clergy were paid by one pound of sugar for every acre of land in their parish. The first bishop of Barbados (the diocese including other colonies) was the Eight Eev. W. Hart Coleridge, who arrived in 1825, and remained till 1842, when the diocese was divided, and the bishopric of Antigua founded. Trinidad has recently withdrawn from the diocese of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and founded a separate bishopric. Education is extending in Barbados. There were in 1873, 79 primary schools with 8000 scholars on the register, and 67 infant schools, with 5500 scholars, but the average attendance is much smaller. The Government expenditure on these schools for the year was 4000. The principal educational establishment is Codrington College, founded by Colonel Christopher Codrington. He bequeathed two estates, known as Consett s and Codrington s, to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. They consisted of 763 acres, 3 wind mills, sugar buildings, 315 negroes, and 100 head of cattle. The society came into possession in 1712. The will declared that the plantations were to be continued, and 300 negroes always kept upon them ; that professors and scholars were to be maintained; and physic, chirurgery, and divinity were to be studied and practised. The college was commenced in 1716, and has seen many vicissitudes. One of its principal objects has been the preparation of candidates for holy orders. There are several theological scholarships of the value of 30 per annum from the college funds, and three of similar value paid by the Colonial treasury. There is a school, recently assisted by the public funds, called the Codrington Colh-giate Grammar School, in close connection with the college. Harrison s College, in Bridgetown, established on an old foundation, has been liberally supported by the Legislature, and promises useful results.
Ligon s History of Barbados, 1657 ; Oldmixon s British Empire ill America, 1741 ; A Short History of Barbados, 1768 ; Remarks upon the Short History, 1768 ; Poyer s History of Barbados, 1808 ; Capt. Thorn. Southey s Chron, Hist, of W. Indies, 1827 ; Schom- burgk s History of Barbados, 1848 ; Griffith Hughes, Nat. History of Barbados ; Maycock s Flora Barbadcnsis ; Patent Rolls, Public Kecord Office ; Annual Reports, " Colonial Possessions ;" Colonial Office List; Governor llawson s Report on Population, 1872, and Rainfall, 1874.
(j. l. o.)
BARBAROSSA, meaning red-beard, the name of two celebrated Turkish corsairs of the IGth century. They were the sons of a Koumelian sipahi who had settled in Mitylene after the capture of that island by Mahomet II., and who appears to have embraced Islainism. The elder of the two is generally called Aruch, Horuk, or Ouradjh ; the name of the younger was Khizr, but he was afterwards called by the sultan Khair-ed-decn, meaning " one good in the faith," which was corrupted by the Christians into Hayraddin. The brothers early betook themselves to piracy ; and after various successes and reverses, they acquired sufficient svealth and renown to enable them to fit out a small fleet with which they ravaged the shores of the Mediterranean, and became the pests of that sea. A richiy laden vessel which they presented to the sultan at Con stantinople procured for them honorary caftans arid recognition of their services. About the year 15 1C, after having been for some time in the service of the bey of Tunis, they began to acquire considerable possessions on the coast of Africa. Hayraddin seized the island of Shershel, and Aruch gained a footing in Algiers. The latter began to extend his conquests into the district of Telmessan or Tlemcen, and was resisted by the Arabs, who summoned the Spaniards of Oran to their assistance. Aruch fell in battle in 1518, and was succeeded at Algiers by Hayraddin, who, after the reigning prince, Selim, was removed (in what way is somewhat doubtful), consolidated his power by placing himself under the Sublime Porte. Solyman, who was delighted at obtaining so much territory at such a small cost, conferred upon Hayraddin the title of Begler-l>ey of Algiers. The power of the pirates rapidly increased ; Algeciras, a small island opposite Algiers, was taken from the Spaniards after an obstinate resistance, and was united with the mainland by a mole. The coasts of the Mediterranean were completely at the mercy of Barbarossa, who carried off immense numbers of slaves. In 1533, when Solyman w r as about to make war upon his great rival, Charles V., Hayraddin joined him with a number of ships. He was received with great honour, and made admiral (capitan-pasha) of the fleet. His greatest exploit was the capture of Tunis, in which he obtained a footing by adopting the cause of a rival prince. As soon as he had deposed Muley Hassan, the reigning sovereign, he seized the town for himself and held it despite the resistance <if the people. Charles V., however, sent out a great fleet, under Andrea Doria, who retook the town after a protracted siege. Barbarossa escaped to Algiers, collected his fleet, and again swept the seas. He plundered the coasts of Italy, captured Castelnuova, and inflicted a severe defeat on Doria. He died at Constantinople 4th July 1546. (See Yon Hammer, Geschichte dcs Osmanischen Reiches, iii. 164, seq.; also Blackwood s Magazine, vol. Iii.) The Em peror Frederick I. is very frequently designated by the surname Barbarossa.
