in botany and anatomy. In 1582 he was appointed to the Greek professorship in that university, and in 1588 to the chair of anatomy and botany. He was afterwards made city physician, professor of the practice of medicine, rector of the university, and dean of his faculty. He published several works relative to botany, of which the most valuable is his Pinax Theatri Botanici, sen Index in Tkeophrasti, Dioscoridis, Plinii, et botanicorum qui a seculo scripserunt opera, 4to. The confusion that began to rise at this time from botanical writers describing the same plant under differ ent names rendered such a task highly necessary ; and though there are many defects in the execution, the Pinax of Bauhin is still a useful key to all the writers before his time. Another great work which he planned was a Thcatrum Botanicum, meant to be comprised in twelve parts folio, of which he finished three ; only one however was published. He also gave a very copious catalogue of the plants growing in the environs of Basel, and edited the works of Matthio- lus with considerable additions. He likewise wrote on anatomy ; his principal work on this subject is Theatrum Anatomicum infinitis locis auctuni, 4to, Frankfort, 1621, which is a kind of pinax of anatomical facts and opinions.
He died in 1624.BAUHIN, Jean, brother of the above, was born at Basel in 1541. He studied at Tubingen under the celebrated botanist Fuchs, and afterwards travelled with Conrad Gesner, and collected plants in the Alps, in France, and in Italy. He first practised medicine at Basel, where he was elected professor of rhetoric in 1566. He then resided for some time at Yverdun, and in 1570 was in vited to be physician to the duke of Wiirtemberg at Mont- beliard, a situation in which he spent the remainder of his life. He devoted his time chiefly to botany, on which he bestowed great labour. He likewise prosecuted other branches of natural history, and published an account of Medicinal Waters throughout Europe. His great work on plants was not completed at his death, which happened in 1613. A society at Yverdun published in 1619 the "Pro- dromus;" but it was not till 1650 and 1651 that the work itself appeared, in three vols. folio, entitled Ilistoria Plantarum nova et absolutissima, cum auctorum consensu et dissensu circa eas. It was long considered a standard work, and, with all its defects, it entitles its author to a high place ^among the founders of botanical science.
BAUMÉ, Antoine, a French chemist, distinguished for his success in the practical application of the science, was born at Senlis in 1728. He was the son of an innkeeper, and had to contend with the disadvantages of a defective education, in spite of which he prosecuted his scientific researches with great success. He was apprenticed to the celebrated chemist Geoffrey, and in 1752 was admitted a member of the college of pharmacy; soon after he was appointed professor of chemistry at that establishment. He carried on a commercial establishment in Paris for the preparation, on an extensive scale, of drugs for medicine and the arts, such as the acetate of lead, the muriate of tin, mercurial salts, and antimonial preparations. At the same time he published a number of papers on chemical science, and on arts and manufactures. He established the first manufactory of sal-ammoniac in France, a substance which before that time had been obtained from Egypt. He was the first also who devised and set on foot a process for bleaching raw silk. Having acquired a competency by the success of these different undertakings, he retired from trade, and devoted his time to the application of chemistry to the arts. He improved the process for dyeing scarlet at the manufactory of the Gobelins, and announced a cheap process for purifying saltpetre. By the Revolution he lost his fortune, but this calamity, instead of disheartening him, stimulated him. to resume his trade. He was chosen a correspondent of the Institute in 1796, and died in 1804, at the age of sevsnty-six. Many of his papers are published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. Of his separate publications, the following may be mentioned here : Dis sertation sur I Ether, in 1 2mo ; Plan d un Cours de Chimie Experimental, 1757, in 12mo; Opuscules de Chimie, 1798, in 8vo; Elemens de Pharmacie Theorique et Pratique, 2 vols. 8vo ; Chimie Experimental et Raisonnee, 3 vols. 8vo, 1773.
BAUMGARTEN, Alexander Gottlieb, a German philosopher, born at Berlin in 1714. He studied at Halle, and afterwards became professor of philosophy at Frankfort on the Oder, in which city he died in the year 1762. He was a disciple of Leibnitz and Wolff, and was particularly distinguished for his eesthetical speculations, having been the first to develop and establish the Theory of the Beautiful as an independent science. Baunigarten, of course, is not to be looked upon as the founder of aesthetics, but he did good service in severing it from the other philosophic disciplines, and in marking out a definite object for its researches. The very name (^Esthetics) which Baumgarten was the first to use for the science of the Beautiful, though now very generally adopted for the sake of convenience, indicates the imperfect and partial nature of his analysis, pointing as it does to an element so variable as feeling or sensation as the ultimate ground of judgment in questions pertaining to beauty. The principal works of Baumgarten are the following : Di&putationes de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus ; jEsthetica ; Mctapliy&ica ; Ethica philo- sophica ; Initia philosophies practices primoe. For an account of his speculations on the theory of the Beautiful see Æsthetics, vol. i. p. 217.
BAUMGARTEN-CRUSIUS, Ludwig Friedrich Otto, a distinguished German theologian, was born in July 1788 at Merseburg. In 1805 he entered the university of Leipsic, and studied theology and philosophy. In 1812 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Jena, where he remained to the end of his life, rising gradually to the head of the theological faculty. In the midst of his labours as professor and author, he was struck down by apoplexy, and died on the 31st May 1843. Baumgarten- Crusius lectured on almost all the theological disciplines, with the exception of church history ; but his great strength lay in the treatment of the history of dogma. His com prehensive knowledge, accurate scholarship, and wide sympathies gave peculiar value to his lectures and treatises on the development of church doctrine. His published works were very numerous, the most important being Lehrbuch der Christlichen Sittenlehre, 1826; Grundziige der biblischen Theologie, 1828; Lehrbuch der Dogmen- geschichte, 1832; Compendium der Dogmengeschichte, 1840. The last, perhaps his best work, was left unfinished, but was completed in 1846 by Hase from, the author s notes. Commentaries on several of the books of the New Testa ment, gathered from his papers, were also published after his death.
of the Modern Tubingen School of Theology, was born in the neighbourhood of Cannstadt on the 21st June 1792. The son of a Wiirtemberg pastor he entered, at the age of thirteen, the well-known seminary at Blaubeuren, to which his father had some years before been transferred as deacon. Thence he passed, in the year 1809, to the university at Tubingen. Solid and somewhat reserved in character, he was indefatigable in his studies, but did not come prominently to the front till near the close of his academic career. His intellectual development proceeded slowly from step to step. For a time he was attracted and considerably influenced by the study of Bengel, the great
head of the preceding orthodox school, which had given