1803 the Marhatta chief signed a treaty, !n which he resigned all claim to territory and revenue west of the Wardha, but retained NarnalA and Gawilgarh in his posses sion. By this treaty the whole of Berar was made over in perpetual sovereignty to the Nizam. From that time till 1848 the history of the province consists of a long list of internal dissensions and civil wars. These troubles reduced the state to the verge of bankruptcy. The pay of the NizAm s irregular force, maintained under the treaty of 1800, fell into arrears, and had to be advanced by the British Government. There were also other unsatisfied claims of the Government on the Nizdm, and in 1853 his whole debt amounted to 450,000. Accordingly, in that year a new treaty was concluded with the Nizam, under which the existing Haidarabdd contingent force is main tained by the British Government, in lieu of the troops which the Nizam had been previously bound to furnish on demand in time of war ; while for the payment of this con- j tangent and other claims on the Nizam, districts then yielding a gross revenue of 500,000 per annum, includ ing the present province of Berar, were assigned to our i Government. By this treaty his highness was released from the obligation of furnishing a large force in time of war ; the contingent ceased to be a part of the Nizdm s army, and became an auxiliary force kept up by the British Government for the Nizdm s use. The treaty was revised j in 1860, and as a reward for services rendered by the Nizdm in 1857, two of the districts formerly assigned to us were restored to him, and the territory of the Raja of Surdpur, which had been confiscated in consequence of the rebellion of the chief, was added to the Nizam s
dominions.BÉRARD, Frederic, a French physician and writer on psychology, was born at Montpellier in 1789. He was educated at the famous medical school of that town, and afterwards proceeded to Paris, where he was for some time employed in connection with the Dictionnaire des Sciences Mcdicales. He returned to his native city in 181 G, and published a work upon the principles of the school of Montpellier. In 1823 he was called to a chair of medicine at Paris, which he held for three years, being then nomi nated professor of hygiene at Montpellier. His health gave way under his labours, and he died, in 1828, at the early age of 39. A posthumous work, Esprit des Doctrines Mcdicales de Montpellier, was printed in 1830. Berard s xuost important production is his treatise, DCS Jtapports du Physique et du Moral. According to him, consciousness or internal perception reveals to us the existence of an im material thinking, feeling, and willing subject, the self or soul. Alongside of this there is the vital force, the nutritive power, which uses the physical frame as its organ. The soul and the principle of life are in constant reciprocal action, and the first owes to the second, not the formation of its faculties, but the conditions under which they are evolved. (See Dam iron. Phil, en France au XIX m < Siede.)
BERBER, or El-Mecheref, a town of considerable size on the east bank of the Nile, some distance below the confluence of the Atbara, in about 18 N. lat. and 34 E. long. It is of importance as one of the main stations on the direct route from Khartoum to Cairo, and as the starting place of caravans for Suakin, on the eastern coast.
BERBERA, one of the most important seaports on the coast of the Somali country, in East Africa, ICO miles E.S.E. of Zeyla, and nearly opposite Aden, in 10 26 N. lat. and about 45 4 E. long. It seems at one time to have been a town of some size, as there are still remains of an aqueduct extending inland for several miles ; but its permanent inhabitants have for a long period been very few. From November to April, however, it becomes the general resort of from ten to twenty thousand persons from all the neighbouring countries. The Habr-auel-Somali, in whose district the town is situated, come down to the place in the beginning of October, with poles and mats and skins, and of these slight materials erect huts and ware houses, which are rented from them by the merchants, who begin to arrive as soon as the south-west monsoon changes into the north-east wind. The chief disadvantage of the locality is that water has to be brought a distance of several miles from the wells of Baraka. (See J. R. G. Soc., 1849, p. 54, et seq.; Petermann s Mittheil. 1860, p. 427, and 1873, p. 40; Bollet. d. Soc. Geogr. Ital., 1873.)
BERBICE, the eastern division of British Guiana. See Guiana.
BERCHEM, or Berghem, Nicholas, an eminent painter, born at Haarlem in 1624. He received instruction from his father, and from the painters Van Goyen, Wils, and Weeniny. His pictures, of which he produced an immense number, were in great demand, as were also his etchings and drawings. His landscapes are highly esteemed ; and many of them have been finely engraved by John Visschcr, an eminent artist in his own "line. The distinguishing characteristics of Berchcm s works art.; breadth and just distribution of lights, grandeur of the masses of shadow, truth and simplicity of the figures, just gradation of distances, brilliancy and transparency of colouring, correct ness of design, and elegance of composition. He died in 1683.
BERCHTESGADEN, or Berchtolsgaden, a small town, beautifully situated on the south-eastern confines of Bavaria, and long celebrated for its extensive mines of rock-salt, which were worked as early as 1174. Fresh water is brought into the mine, and, acting upon the salt rock, becomes brine. It is then run off in pipes to a reservoir in the vicinity ; whence, by two hydraulic machines, it is raised 1500 feet, and conducted to Traun- stein and Rosenheim, about forty miles farther inland. The town contains three old churches, and some good houses. Its inhabitants, amounting to 1760, are principally employed in the mines and in the manufacture of salt, while others are engaged in making those toys and other small articles of wood, horn, and ivoiy, for which the place has long been famous. The vicinity comprehends the most picturesque portion of Bavaria. The district of Berchtes- gaden was formerly an independent spiritual principality, founded in 1109, and secularized in 1803. The abbey is now a royal castle, and in the neighbour] rood a hunting- lodge was built by King Max II. in 1852.
ment of Taurida, situated on the north-west shore of the Sea of Azoff, near the entrance of the River Berdianka into the Berdiansk Gulf, in 46 45 N. lat. and 36 47 E. long. Berdiansk was founded in 1827, at the suggestion of Yorontzoff, and by the following year was a regular settle ment, which in 1835 was recognized as a town, and raised in 1842 to be capital of a circle. In 1838 its population was 3200, which had, in spite of the damage done to the town in 1855 by the English fleet, increased in 1860 to 9762. At that time it possessed two Greek churches and one Lutheran, and a Jewish and a Karaite synagogue. Its secular buildings comprised a custom-house, a hospital, a public library, and a theatre. The principal industries of the place are the making of bricks and tiles, the boiling of tallow, and the manufacture of macaroni. As a port it is of great importance. The roads are protected from every wind, except the south, which occasions a heavy surf ; but this disadvantage has been lessened by the formation of a inolo in 1863. Another inconvenience of the situation, however,
is the rapid filling up of the port, which renders necessary