chemistry and mineralogy, a national academy, a public library, a botanic garden, and a military school, which is supported out of the public funds, and has produced some good engineers. The mint, one of the three in the republic, is a large and handsome building, and is well supplied with the necessary machinery. There are manu factures of soap, cloth, leather, and the precious metals ; an active trade is carried on ; and the neighbourhood is rich in minerals of various kinds. The population in 1800 amounted to 21,464, exclusive of strangers and temporary residents; in 1821 it was estimated at 30,000, and in 1870 at about 52,000. Santa Fe de Bogota was founded in 1538 by Gonzalez Ximenes de Quesada, and received its name from his birthplace Santa EC", with the addition of Bogota, in honour, it is said, of a native prince of that time. It soon increased in size and importance, and became the capital of the Spanish vice-royalty of New Granada. In 1811 the citizens threw off the Spanish yoke and a republic was proclaimed; the city, however, in 1816, fell into the hands of Murillo the Spanish general. Delivered by Bolivar in 1819 it was made capital of the republic of Colombia; on the separation of the three states it remained the chief city of New Granada, and it is now the capital of the United States of Colombia, forming itself an inde pendent federal territory. It is the seat of the supreme court and the other offices of the Federal Government, and
the residence of the foreign diplomatic representatives.BOGRA, correctly Bagurá, a district in the Rajshahf division, within the Lieutenant-Governorship of Bengal, situated between 25 20 and 24 20 28" N. lat., and 88 55 30" and 89 4.9 25" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the districts of Dinajpur and Rangpur, on the E. by the districts of Raugpur and Maimansinh, on the S. by the district of Pabna, and on the W. by the districts of Kajshahi and Dinajpur. The revenue area of the district in 1870 was 2000 square miles, of which 1750 were returned as under cultivation, 125 as cultivable but not actually cultivated, and 125 as uncultivable waste. The census of 1872 returned the police area of the district at 1500 square miles, and disclosed a population of 689,467 souls, of whom 556,620, or 80 per cent., were Mahometans; 130,644, or 19 per cent., Hindus; 22 Christians; and 2181 were classified as "others." Density of population in the census area, 59 per square mile. The district stretches out in a level plain, intersected by numerous streams and dotted with patches of jungle. The Karatoy River flows from north to south, dividing the district into two portions, possessing very distinct characteristics. The eastern tract consists of rich alluvial soil, well watered, and subject to fertilizing inundations, yielding heavy crops of coarse rice, oilseeds, and jute. The western portion of the district is high-lying and produces the finer qualities of rice. The principal rivers are formed by the different channels of the Brahmaputra, which river here bears the local names of the Konai, the Daokoba, and the Jamuna, the last forming a portion of the eastern boundary of the district. Its bed is studded with alluvial islands. The Brahmaputra and its channels, together with three minor streams, the Bangali, Karatoya, and Alai, afford admirable facilities for commerce, and render every part of the district accessible to native cargo boats of large burden. The rivers swarm with fish, the value of the fisheries being estimated at 45,000 a year. The principal pro ducts of the district are rice, pease, pulses, oilseeds, jute, sugar-cane, mulberry, red pepper, and hemp for smoking (Cannabisindica). These products, together with clarified butter and a little silk, form the chief articles of export. The imports consist of salt, cloth, tobacco, areca-nuts, copper and brass utensils, spices, iron and piece goods. The chief trading markets are Bogrd, Lakhmiganj, Buriganj, Dhupchdchia, tc. A silk factory has been established at Naodapard, and is conducted with European capital, with an annual outlay of about 4500. The revenue and expendi ture of the district have steadily increased of late years. In 1853 the total revenue of the district amounted to 48,431, and the civil expenditure to 7282 ; in I860, revenue 57,744, and civil expenditure 11,01 3 ; in 1870- 71 the revenue had risen to 59,979. In 1870-71 the district contained 1064 separate estates held by 2497 pro prietors, paying a total Government land revenue of 44,347. The machinery for protecting person and property consists of six magisterial and six civil courts, with (1) a regular police force, numbering 54 officers and 252 men, and cost ing Government 5975 ; (2), a rural constabulary or village watch, numbering 2552 men, and costing 6635, paid by the landholders and villagers ; and (3), municipal police, numbering 36 men, and costing 251. In 1871-72 there were 41 Government and aided schools in the district, attended by 1492 pupils, and maintained at a total cost of 1398, of which 692 was contributed by the state. The total number of aided and unaided schools in the district is returned in the census of 1872 at 169, attended by 1685 pupils. The only town containing upwards of 5000 inhabitants in the district is Bogra, the administrative headquarters, situated on the Karatoyd River ; population in 1872, 5872 ; municipal income, 282 ; expenditure, 208 ; rate of taxation per head, ll^d. There is one other municipality, Sherpur, formerly a place of importance when the East India Company had silk filatures in its neighbourhood. A great part of this town is now over grown with jungle ; the municipal income in 1869 was 246, the expenditure 174. The climate of Bogra is mild during the winter, but sultry and oppressive at other seasons. The average annual rainfall for the five years ending 1869 was 82 inches, and the average annual tem perature 77 Fahr.
nent Arabian writer and statesman, better known in the East under the appellation of Ibn-Sjeddad. He was born at Mosul 1145 A.D. (539 A.H.), and early became eminent in the study of the Koran, as well as in jurisprudence. At the age of twenty-seven he obtained the place of lecturer at Baghdad, and, soon after, a professor s chair at Mosul. In 1187 he made the pilgrimage to Mecca, and then proceeded to visit Jerusalem and Hebron. In passing through Damascus he was sent for by Saladin, who was then employed in the siege of Kancab. Bohaddin observed, as he himself mentions ( Vita Saladini, c. v.), that the whole soul of the monarch was engrossed by the war which he was then waging against the enemies of the faith, and saw that the only mode of acquiring his favour was by urging him to its vigorous prosecution, "With this view he com posed a treatise on the Laws and Discipline of Sacred War ; and this work, on his return, he presented to Saladin, who received it with peculiar favour. Bohaddin, from this time, remained constantly attached to the person of the sultan, and was employed in various important embassies and departments of civil government. He was also appointed judge of the army, and judge of Jerusalem. After Saladin s death Bohaddin was active in securing the throne to his son, Melik-al-Dhaker, and was by that prince created cadi of Aleppo. He then founded a college in that city of which he himself was the principal professor. "When Melik-al Dhaker died, his son Melik-al- Aziz was a minor, and Bohaddin obtained the principal sway in the regency. This gave him an opportunity of introducing learned men at court, and loading them with honours. As the prince, however, approached to manhood, Bohaddin, though he still retained his offices, found it expedient to retire from court.
Even after he was unable to go to college, he continued to