Mariazell. There are in the town upwards of fifteen churches, as well as several convents, and a Jewish syna gogue. The educational establishments include a gymna sium of the highest class, an upper commercial school, five normal institutions, a school of design, a school of music, and about sixteen schools of lower grade. There is also an observatory in the town. Buda has long been celebrated for its mineral baths, which are five in number. The Bruckbad and the Kaiserbadwere both founded by the Turks, and the buildings retain traces of Turkish occupation. The temperature of the water is about 118 Fahr. The town is commanded by the eminences known as the Spiessberg or Nap Hegy, and the Blocksberg or Gellert Hegy, the latter of which is crowned by a citadel. The industry of Buda com prises the making of cannon, type-founding, silk-weaving, coach-building, and the manufacture of majolica, copper wares, and gunpowder. A somewhat active trade is carried on in the red wine produced in the neighbouring vineyards, and Old Buda is the seat of a good deal of river traffic. The Danube Steam- Navigation Company have a consider able establishment there, in which a number of their vessels are built. In 1869 the population of the commune was 53,988. Old Buda was known to the Romans for its mineral springs ; but the modern town dates only from the Middle Ages. In 1247 King Bela built a castle, which was originally regarded as belonging to Pesth ; but the town which gradually gathered round it soon acquired an independent importance. In 1526 it was captured by the Turks, and in their hands became a place of pilgrimage, as well as an important military post. In 1686 it was wrested from them by Charles of Lorraine. During the Hungarian wars of the present century it played a distinguished part. In January 1849 the fortress was seized by the Austrian general Windischgratz ; but in May it was taken by storm by the Hungarians under Gorgey. On their departure the Russians took possession, but shortly afterwards handed
the place over to the Austrian forces.BUDÆUS, or Budé, Guillaume (1467–1540), descended of an ancient and illustrious family, was a native of Paris. At an early age he was sent to the schools of Paris, and afterwards to the university of Orleans to study law. He passed his time, however, in idleness, and being heir to a large fortune, was left, on his return to Paris, to follow his passion for gaming and pleasure. It was only when the fire of youth began to cool that he was seized with an irresistible passion for study ; and having disposed of his hunting equipage, he abandoned business of every descrip tion, and applied himself wholly to literature. Without assistance, he made rapid progress, particularly in the Latin and Greek languages. The work which gained him greatest reputation was his treatise De Asse, the first edition of which was published at Paris in 1514, He was held in high esteem by Francis I., who was persuaded by him and by Du Bellay to found the Royal College of France, for teaching languages and sciences. He was sent by the king to Rome as ambassador to Leo X., and in 1522 was made master of requests. He died in Paris in 1540. Of his works, printed at Basel in 4 vols. folio in 1557, the most important is the Commentarii Grcecce Linguae, which first appeared in 1529.
BUDAUN, a district of British India, in the Rohilkhand division, under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces, lies between 27 38 and 28 29 N. lat., and 78 21 and 79 35 E. long., and is bounded on the N. by the British district of Moradabacl, on the N.E. by the district of Bareilly, on the S.E. by that of Shdhjahanpur, on the S. by Farukhabad and Main- puri, and on the west by Aligarh and Bulandshahr. The country is low, level, and is generally fertile, and watered by the Ganges, the Rdmganga, the Sot or Yarwafaddr, and the Mahawa. The area is 2004 84 square miles, of which 1376-94 square miles are under cultivation, 382 -54 square miles cultivable but not actually under cultivation, and the rest uncultivable waste. The district population in 1872 amounted to 934,348 souls, residing in 193,589 houses, and inhabiting 2364 villages. Of the total popu lation, 794,532 or 85 1 per cent, were Hindus, 139,687 or 14 9 per cent. Mahometans, 129 Christians and others of unspecified religion. Rice, wheat, sugar-cane, cotton, pulses, oil-seeds, and varieties of millet form the principal agricultural products of Budaun. The chief routes through the district are the roads from Farukhabad to Moradabad, from Agra to Bareilly, from Aligarh to Moradabad, and from Delhi to Bareilly. In 1 870-7 1. the total revenue amounted to 130,424, of which 111,722 or 85 per cent, was derived from the land. In 1872-73 Budaun district contained 303 schools, attended by 4848 pupils. The following towns in the district have upwards of 5000 inhabitants : Budaun, the administrative headquarters, area, 335 acres, population 33,322; IslAnmagar, popula tion 5424; Ujhani, 7656; Sahaswan, 17,063; Bilsi, 5282 ; Alapur, 5347. Budaun district was ceded to the British Government in 1801 by the Nawab of Oudh. During the mutiny of 1857, the people of Budaun sided with the rebels, and the European officer in charge of the district only saved his life by flight.
BUDDÆUS, John Francis (1667–1729), a celebrated Lutheran divine, and one of the most learned men Ger many has produced, was born at Anklarn, a town of Pome- rania, where his father was minister. He studied with great distinction at Greifswald and at Wittenberg, and having attained to eminence in languages, theology, and history, was appointed Greek and Latin professor at Coburg, afterwards professor of ethical science and politics in the university of Halle, and at length, in 1705, professor of divinity at Jena, where, after having acquired a very great reputation, he died in 1729.
His principal works are, A large historical German Dictionary, Leipsic, 1709, folio; Historia Ecdesiastica Veteris Tcstamcnti,Hn.}e, 1709, 4 vols. 4to; Elcmcnta Philosophice Practical, Inslrumcntalis, ct Thcorcticce, 3 vols. 8vo, which has passed through a great number of editions ; Sclecta Juris Naturae ct Gentium, Halle, 1704, Svo ; Miscel lanea Sacra, Jena, 1727, 3 vols. 4to; and Isagoyc, Historico-Thco- logica ad Thcoloviam Univcrsam, singulasque cjus paries, 2 vols. 4to.
BUDDHISM
BUDDHISM is the name of a religion which formerly prevailed through a large part of India, and is now professed by the inhabitants of Ceylon, Siam, and Burma (the southern Buddhists), and of Nepal, Tibet, China, and Japan (the northern Buddhists).[1] It arose out of the philosophical and ethical teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the eldest son of Suddhodana, who was raja in Kapilavastu, and chief of the tribe of the Sakyas, an Aryan clan seated during the 5th century B.C. on the banks of the Kohfma, about 100 miles N. of the city of Benares, and about 50 miles S. of the foot of the Himalaya Mountains.
lous gathering, like a halo, around the early history of religious leaders, until the sober truth runs the risk of being
altogether neglected for the glittering and edifying false-- ↑ 1 The number of Buddhists is now probably about 450,000,000. Professor Max Mtiller, Chips from a German Workshop, i. p. 214.
