Gaqiiins, or Cacvas ; in Auvergne, under that of Matrons. Considerable numbers of the Colliberts still live in the Marais mouilUs de la Sevre ; and the Cagots may be found round Jaca, in Guipuzcoa, in Navarre, at Cherbitua d Anhauze in the valley of Azun, near Saint- Jean-Pi ed-de- Port and Saint- Jean-le-Vieux, and in the villages of Ago- tefcchiac, Tailhape", and Ainchicharburu, but in largest num
bers in Labour, in the Basque arrondissement of Bayonne.
See Michel, Histoire dcs races maudites ; L Abbe Venuti, Re- cherches sur Us Cahets de Bordeaux, 1754 ; Bulletins de la Socitte Anthropologique, 1861, 1867, 1868, 1871 ; Annales medico-psycho- logiqucs, Jan. 1867 ; M. Lagneau, Questionnaire sur V ethnologic, de la France.
CAHORS, a town in the south of France, formerly the capital of Cahourcin or Upper Quercy, and now of the department of Lot, on the high road between Paris and Toulouse, 358 miles S.W. from Paris, and 60 miles north of Toulouse, in 44 27 N. lat., 1 24 E. long. It stands on the right bank of the River Lot, on a rocky peninsula formed by a bend in the stream, and communicates with the opposite shore by three bridges, one, the Pont Valendre", built in the 1 3th century, and surmounted by three massive towers. In the more ancient part of the town the streets are narrow and the houses antique; but in the modern and more elevated quarter there are many handsome buildings, with terraces which command an extensive view. The most remarkable building is the cathedral, built in the 1 1th or 12th century, and occupying the site, if not actually consisting of the remains, of an ancient Roman temple. Besides it, there is the theological seminary, the prefecture (formerly an episcopal palace), an academy, a theatre, a public library, and a monument erected to Fe nelon in front of the cathedral. Cahors is the see of a bishop, and the seat of judicial and commercial tribunals of the first class. Its university, founded by Pope John XXII. in 1332, was incorporated with that of Toulouse in 1751. The principal articles of manufacture are stoneware, cotton-yarn, woollen stuffs, and paper ; and it has a considerable traffic in oil, hemp, flax, hides, truffles, and a strong deeply-coloured wine, which is made in the neighbouring districts. Popu lation of the town in 1872, 13,061, and of the commune 14,593.
Cahors is the ancient Divona, afterwards called Civitas Cadurcorum, from the Celtic tribe of which it was the capital, and still ex hibits traces of its greatness during the Koman sway. The most con spicuous remains are those of an immense aqueduct, which conveyed the water to the city from a distance of about 19 miles by a precipi tous route along the mountain sides, and crossed the valley of Larrocjiue-deg-arcs on a bridge 180 feet high. There are also remains of baths and a theatre, a marble altar in front of the prefecture (erected, according to the inscription, in honour of Lucterius Leo); and a celebrated fountain, supposed to be the fountain Divona, and now called Des Chartreux, from the Carthusian convent to which it has been attached.
After the decline of the Roman empire Cahors passed in succession into the hands of the Goths the Franks, the Saracens, and the Normans ; and in the 12th century it was the subject of severe fighting between the English and French. In 1572 the Protestant party in the town were strong enough to prevent their fellow-citizens following the example of Paris ; and yet a few years later, in 1580, we find the opposition to Henry of Navarre so violent that he only made himself master of the place aftei several days of conflict. The bishops of Cahors, who date from the 4th century, had formerly also the title of count, and used to lay their sword and gauntlets on the altar when about to officiate. During the Middle Ages the town is said to have been a great seat of the Caorsini (Cawertschen or Cauder- Walsche), who preceded the Lombards as usurers and money changers.
See Chaudruc de Crazannes, Coup d ceil sur les monuments histor- iques du department du Lot ; Duf our, La commune de Cahors au moyen dge, 1846.
CAILLE, Nicolas Louis de la, See La Caille.
CAILLIÉ, or Caillé, René (1799-1838), a French traveller in Africa, was born in 1799 at Mauze, and died in 1838. His school education extended no farther than reading and writing; and at the age of sixteen he com menced his career by a voyage to Senegal. But already Robinson Crusoe had kindled within him an enthusiastic admiration for the life of the discoverer; and in 1827, having collected 2000 francs by toiling on an indigo plan tation, he set out on his most important mission. From Kakundy he travelled east by Cambaya, Kankan, Time, and Tangrera, and north-east by Donasso as far as Galia., through a hitherto unvisited district ; and from Galia he passed through the country explored by Mungo Park to Timbuctoo, which he reached on April 20, 1828. He thus won the prize of 10,000 francs offered by the Geographical Society of Paris to the first traveller who should gain exact information of Timbuctoo, to be compared with that given by Mungo Park. He also received the order of the Legion of Honour, a pension, and other distinctions, and it was at the public expense that his Journal d un Voyage (1 Tembouctou et Jenne dans I Afriqne Centrale, d t, was published in 1830.
CAIN, the eldest son of Adam and Eve according to the narrative of the Jehovist (Gen. iv.) Various derivations of the name have been suggested, the most probable being from [ Hebrew ], “to obtain,” the word used in Gen. iv. 1 : "Eve bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the Lord," According to the Biblical narrative (Gen. iv.) Cain was a tiller of the ground, while his younger brother, Abel, was a keeper of sheep. Enraged at the acceptance of Abel s offering by the Lord, and the rejection of his own, he slew his brother in the field. For this a curse was pronounced upon him, and he was condemned to be a "fugitive and a vagabond " on the earth, a mark being set upon him " lest any finding him should kill him." He took up his abode in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden, where he built a city, which he named after his son Enoch. The narrative presents a number of difficulties, which commentators have sought to solve with more ingenuity than success. On the reason for the preference of Abel s offering to Cain s some li< f ht is thrown by the references in the New Testament (Heb. xi. 4; 1 John iii. 12). The phrase :l the Lord set a mark upon Cain" is perhaps more accurately rendered " the Lord gave a sign to Cain," and has been variously explained as referring to some pledge of safety given to Cain personally, or to some sign of warning and prohibition to mankind in general. There is an apparent contradic tion between the condemnation of Cain to lead a nomadic life (ver. 12) and his subsequent settlement in a city, which it has been sought to reconcile by making the doom refer to the natural restlessness of the criminal and estrange ment from the Adamic home. The endeavours that have been made to fix the precise locality of the land of Nod are based upon mere conjecture. The implied existence of a considerable population on the earth (ver. 14) furnishes another difficulty, of which no explanation that has been offered seems completely satisfactory. The parallelism between the list of Cain s descendants (Gen. iv. 18) and the list of the descendants of Seth (Gen. v.) has led several critics to identify the two, though it is denied by others that the mere similarity of the names gives any reasonable ground for doing so.
A Gnostic sect of the 2d century were known by the name of Cainites. They are first mentioned by Irenseus, who connects them with the Valentinians. They believed that Cain derived his existence from the superior power, and Abel from the inferior power, and that in this respect he was the first of a line which included Esau, Korah, the Sodomites, and Judas Iscariot.
a conical form. In modern times cairns are often erected as landmarks. In ancient times they were erected as
sepulchral monuments or tribal and family cemeteries.