Surrender of Harlech Castle, the last royal post, March 30. Charles I. seized at Holmby House, June 4. Masaniello heads revolt at Naples, July 7. Death of Prince Frederick Henry of Orange. Occupation of London by the army, August 6. Another insurrection at Naples, August 21. George Fox begins to preach. 1648. Treaty of Munster between Spain and the United Pro vinces, recognizing independence of the latter, January 30. Royalist revolt in England, February. Tortosa stormed by Marshal Schom- berg, July 12. Battle of Preston, August 17. Battle of Lens, victory of prince of Conde over Archduke Leopold, August 20 The war of the Fronde begins, August 27. Fairfax takes Colchester, August 23. The Peace of Westphalia ; close of the Thirty Years War, October 24. "Pride s Purge," December 6. The "Rump" Parliament. The pressure of the atmosphere demonstrated by Pascal s experiment on the Puy de Dome, September 19. 1649. Execution of Charles I., January 30. Blockade of Paris by Conde, January. Charles II. proclaimed at Edinburgh, February 5. England declared a Commonwealth, May 19. Mohammed IV. sultan, July 28. Cromwell storms Drogheda, September 12, and Wexford, October 9. Milton s Eikonoklastes published. 1650. Rebellion of Montrose, January. Arrest of the princes of Conde, Conti, and Longueville, January 18. Execution of Montrose, May 21. Victory of Cromwell over Lesley at Dunbar, September 3. Surrender of Edinburgh Castle, December. Battle of Rethel, December 15. Cape Town founded by the Dutch. Milton s Defcnsio Populi Anglicani published. First permanent settlement in Carolina. Birth of Marlborough. 1651. The States of Holland abolish office of stadtholder, January. Conde and the other princes liberated, February. Mazarin in exile, March. Catholic and Protestant leagues formed in Germany, spring. Charles invades England, August. Monk storms Dundee, September 1. Victory of Cromwell over Charles at Worcester, September 3. Flight of Charles to France, October. Navigation Act passed by English Parliament, October 9. Capitulation of Limerick to Ireton, October 27. Death of Ireton, November 26. Great inundation in Holland from bursting of dyke. Birth of Fenelon (died, 1715). Hobbes s Leviathan ptiblished. Taylor s Holy Living and Holy Dying. 1652. Return of Mazarin to power, January. Amnesty granted by English Parliament, February 24. War between English and Dutch begins, May. Irish Rebellion suppressed by May. Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine, Paris, July 2. England declares war on the Dutch, July 8. Mazarin again retires, August. Surrender of Dunkirk to Spaniards, September 18. Victory of Blake and Penn over the Dutch, September 28. Catalonia reunited to Spain. Victory of Van Tromp, November 28. The Libcrum Veto first used in Poland. 1653. Return of Mazarin to power, February 3. Victory of Blake over Van Tromp off Portland, February 18, 19, 20. Expulsion of "The Rump" by Cromwell, April 25. Barebones s Parliament meets, July 4. Blake destroys the Dutch fleet at the Texel, July 31. Cromwell made Lord Protector, December 16. War between Catholic and Protestant cantons of Switzerland. Walton s Complete Angler published. John de Witt grand pensionary of Holland. 1654. Peace concluded between England and Holland, April 5. Scotland declared incorporated with England, April 12. Coronation of Louis XIV., June 7. Abdication of Christina of Sweden, June 16. Turenne relieves Arras, besieged by Spaniards, August 25. First parliament of the Protector meets, September 4. The Cossacks under protection of Russia. War between Russia and Poland, which lasts thirteen years, begins, September. Madras made seat of a presidency. Milton s Second Defence of the People of England published. Air-pump invented by Otto von Guericke. 1655. Cromwell dissolves the parliament, January 31. Alex ander VII. pope, April 7. Jamaica taken by Penn and Venables, May. Cromwell assists the Vaudois, June. Invasion of Poland by Charles X. of Sweden, July. Treaty of alliance between the elector of Brandenburg and the Dutch, July 27. Surrender of Warsaw to Charles X., August 30 ; of Cracow, October 8. Treaty of alliance between England and France, October 24. Subjugation of Prussia by Charles X., December. A satellite of Saturn discovered by Huyghens. Fuller s Church History of Britain published. The Journal dcs Savants begun. 1656. Alliance between Charles X. of Sweden and the Great Elector, June 15. Surrender of Warsaw to Poles, June 21. Warsaw recovered by Charles and the elector, July. Blake captures Spanish treasure fleet off Cadiz, September 9. Czar invades Livonia and takes Dorpat, October 26. Treaty of Liebau between Charles X. and the Great Elector, November 20. Pascal s Lettres Proxincialcs published. Harrington s Oceana. Conquests of the Dutch in Ceylon. General Post-Office, London, established. 1657. Attempt to assassinate Cromwell, January 19. Cromwell concludes treaty with France, March 23. Denmark declares war on Sweden, spring. Death of the Emperor Ferdinand III., April 2. Blake destroys the Spanish treasure ships at Santa Cruz, April 20. Cromwell declines the title of king, May 8. Treaty of Vehlau, September 19. Mardyke taken by the English and French, Sept ember 23. Walton s Eiblia Polyglotta published. Reflecting telescope constructed by Gregory. Birth of Fontenelle (died, 1757). 1658. Passage of Charles X. over the Little Belt on the ice, January 30-31 ; over the Great Belt, February 5-10. Treaty of Roeskild signed, March 8. Battle of the Dunes, June 1 4. Dunkirk taken by Turenne, June 17, and delivered over to the English. Leopold I. emperor, July 18. Charles X. renews war with Denmark, August. Aurung- zebe dethrones and succeeds his father Shah Jehan, August 20. Death of Cromwell, September 3. Richard Cromwell named protector. Siege of Copenhagen by Charles X. begun, September. Surrender of Thorn to the Poles, December 21. Festival of the Sons of the Clergy instituted. 1659. Retirement of Richard Cromwell, May 25. First Conven tion of the Hague signed, May ; second, July ; third, August. Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, concluded, Novem ber 7. De Ruyter defeats the Swedes near Nyeborg, November 14, and takes Nyeborg. 1660. General Monk occupies London, February 3. Charles XL king of Sweden, February 13. Peace of Oliva, May 3. Charles II. of England proclaimed, May 8. Entry of Charles into London, May 29. Treaty of Copenhagen, June 6. Marriage of Louis XIV. with the Infanta, June 9. The Royal Society of London founded. Episcopacy restored in England. Navigation Act re-enacted. The crown of Denmark made hereditary. Taylor s Ductor Dubitantium published. Birth of Sir Hans Sloane (died, 1753). Death of St Vincent de Paul (born, 1577). 1661. Exhumation of the bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton, January 30. Death of Mazarin, March 9. New charter granted to East India Company, April 3. Savoy Conferences between Episcopalian and Presbyterian divines, April 15 to July 25. Execu tion of the marquis of Argyll, May 27. Peace of Kardis, between Russia and Sweden, July 1. Treaty between Dutch and Portuguese respecting Brazil, August. Episcopacy restored in Scotland, Dec ember. The Corporation Act passed. Birth of Defoe (died, 1731). 1662. Act of LTniformity passed by English Parliament, May 19. Licensing Act (books). Marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Braganza, May 20. Execution of Vane, June 14. Duke of Ormond viceroy of Ireland. Nonconformist clergy driven out of the Church by Act of Uniformity, St Bartholomew s day, August 24. Dunkirk sold to Louis XIV., and given up, November. Canal of Languedoc projected by Riquet. Birth of Bentley (died, 1742). 1663. Invasion of Hungary by the Turks, spring. Carolina granted by Charles II. to Clarendon, Monk, and others. The steam-engine suggested by Marquis of Worcester, in his Century of Inventions. The Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, founded. Guineas first coined in England. Birth of Prince Eugene. First part of Butler s Hudilras published (completed, 1678). Lord Herbert s De Religione Gcntilium. 1664. Treaty of Pisa between the Pope and France, February 22. Second war between the English and Dutch begins. Battle of St Gotthard, victory of Montecuculi over the Turks, August 1. Treaty between the emperor and the Porte, August 10. The Conventicle Act passed. The French East India Company established. The Mahratta chief Sivajee attacks Surat. The Binomial Theorem, discovered by Newton. Palace of Versailles begun. 1665. England declares war against the Dutch, February 22. Battle of Solebay, June 3. Battle of Villaviciosa, June 17. Charles II. king of Spain. The Great Plague in London. The Five-Mile Act passed. The London Gazette established. John Sobieski grand marshal of Poland. 1666. Louis XIV. declares war on England, January 16. Sea- fight between English and Dutch in the Downs, June 1-4. The Dutch defeated off the North Foreland, July 25. Great Fire of London, September 2-6. The Covenanters defeated at the Pentland Hills, November 28. Academy of Sciences, Paris, founded. 1667. Louis XIV. invades the Spanish Netherlands, May. De Ruyter sails up the Thames, June-July. Clement IX. pope, June 20. Peace of Breda, end of second Dutch war, July 21. Clarendon dismissed by Charles II. , August 30. The "Cabal " ministry formed, September. Impeachment of Clarendon by the Commons, Novem ber. Paradise Lost published. Morland s calculating machine invented. Birth of Swift (died, 1745). 1668. Secret treaty between Louis XIV. and the emperor con eluded, January. The Triple Alliance between England and the Netherlands, afterwards joined by Sweden, against France, January 23, April 25. Peace between Spain and Portugal, February 13. Conquest of Tranche Comte by Louis XIV., February. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, May 2. Charles II. obtains pension from Louis XIV. Island of Bombay granted by Charles II. to East India Company. Birth of Boerhaave (died, 1738). 1669. Eruption of Etna, March. Candia surrendered to the Turks, September 16. Locke draws up constitution for Carolina. Phos phorus discovered by Brandt. Reflecting telescope constructed by Newton. Death of Rembrandt (born, 1606). 1670. Clement X. pope, April 29. Seizure of Lorraine by Louis,
September. Second Conventicle Act passed. Hudson s Bay Com-