752 CHRONOLOGY [1855-1860. 1775). Occupation of Bucharest by Austrians, September 6. Landing of the allies in the Crimea, September 14. Battle of the Alma, September 20. Occupation of Balaklava by the allies, Sep tember 28. Bombardment of Sebastopol begins, October 17. Battle of Balaklava, October 25 ; of Inkerman, November 5. Death of Charles Kemble, November 12 (born, 1775). Death of Lockhart, November 25 (born, 1794). Treaty of alliance between Austria, England, and France, December 2. Dogma of the Immaculate Con ception promulgated at Rome, December 8. Lake dwellings dis covered in Switzerland. Armstrong gun made. Murchison s Siluria published. George Sand s Histoire de ma Vic. 1855. Sardinia joins the allies, January 26. The Palmerston ad ministration in office, February 6. Death of the emperor Nicholas of Russia, March 2. Defeat of the Taepings at Canton, March 6. Death of Charlotte Bronte, March 31 (born, 1816). Universal Ex hibition opened at Paris, May 15. Newspaper stamp abolished in Great Britain, June 15. Death of Lord Raglan, June 28 (born, 1788). Death of Sir W. E. Parry, July 8 (born, 1790). Battle of the Tehernaya, August 16. Concordat between Austria and the Holy See, August 18. Storming of the MalakofF and Redan, Sep- temberS ; southsideof Sebastopolevacuatedbythe Russians. Defeat of the Russians before Kars, September 29. Death of Sir William Molesworth, October 22 (born, 1810). Capitulation of Kars to General Mouravieff, November 28. Visit of King Victor Emmanuel to Queen Victoria, November 30 to December 6. Death of Samuel Rogers, December 18 (born, 1762). Bessemer s process for manufacture of steel patented. Niagara Railway Suspension Bridge completed. Milman s Latin Christianity published. Tenny son s Maud. Thackeray s The Newcomcs. Saturday Review begun. 1856. Vienna protocol as basis of peace with Russia signed, February 1. Annexation of Oudh to British India, February 7. Death of Heine, February 17 (born, 1800). Lord Canning governor-general of India, February 29. Free State Legislature in Kansas constituted, March 4. Treaty of Paris signed, March 30. Kansas refused admission into the Union, April 11. Death of Sir William Hamilton, May 6 (born, 1788). Death of Augustin Thierry, May 21 (born 1795). Evacuation of the Crimea by allies, July 12. Death of Schumann, July 29 (born, 1810). Coronation of the czar, Alexander II., September 7. Seizure of a "lorcha" under British Hag by Chinese, October 8. Herat taken by Persians, October 13. War proclaimed against Persia by governor-general of India, November 1. Bombardment of Canton by British fleet, November 3. Death of Paul Delaroche, November 4 (born, 1797). Capture of the Bogue Forts, Canton, November 12, 13. Bushire taken by British force, December 10. Death of Hugh Miller, December 24 (born, 1802). Mrs Browning s Aurora Leigh pub lished. Finlay s History of Greece. Froude s History of England, vol. i. (completed. 1859). Max Miiller s Comparative Mythology. 1857. Assassination of the archbishop of Paris (Sibour), January 3. Mutinies of Sspoy regiments at Barrackpore, Berhampore, and Lucknow, January-May. General Outram defeats Persians at Khooshab, February 8. Treaty of peace with Persia, March 4. James Buchanan president of United States, March 4. Abo lition of the Sound dues, March 14. Mutiny of Sepoys at Meerut, May 10, 11. The mutineers at Delhi, May 11. Mutiny at Lucknow, May 30. Mutineers under Nana Sahib repulsed at Cawnpore by Sir Hugh Wheeler, June 7. Death of Douglas Jerrold, June 8 (born, 1803). Capitulation of Europeans at Cawnpore to Nana Sahib, June 25. Massacre of women and children at Cawn pore, July 15. Death of Beranger, July 16 (born, 1780). General Havelock enters Cawnpore, July 17. Death of Eugene Sue, August 3 (born, 1804). Visit of Napoleon III. and the empress to Queen Victoria, August 8. Attempt to lay first Atlantic telegraph cable fails, August 11. Death of Comte, September 5 (born, 1798). Delhi stormed by Generals Wilson and Nicholson, September 14-20. Relief of Lucknow by General Havelock, September 25. Meeting of Napoleon III. and Alexander II. at Stuttgart, Sep tember 25. The garrison of Lucknow rescued by Sir Colin Campbell, November 22. Death of Sir Henry Havelock at Alumbagh, Nov ember 25 (born, 1795). Bombardment and capture of Canton by English and French, December 28, 29. Civil war in Kansas, end of December. Social Science Association founded. Mont Cenis tunnel begun. Tregelles edition of the Greek Testament, 1857- 1872. Livingstone s Missionary Travels published. 1853. Death of Marshal Radetzky, January 5 (born 1766). Orsini attempts to assassinate Napoleon III., January 14. Launch of the " Great Eastern," January 31. Resignation of Lord Palmer ston, February 20. The Derby ministry installed, February 27. The Livingstone expedition sails, March 10. Siege of Lucknow begins, March 8; the town taken, March 19-21. Minnesota ad mitted a State of the Union, May 11. Capture of the Peiho forts by English and French, May 19. Great eruption of Vesuvius begins, May 21. Gwalior retaken by Sir Hugh Rose, and Sincfia reinstated, June 19. Treaty of Tientsin concluded, June 26. Property qualification of members of parliament abolished by Act passed, June 28. Jews Relief Act passed, July 23. Visit of the Queen and the Prince Consort to Napoleon III. at Cherbourg, August 4, 5. Death of George Combe, August 14 (born, 1788). Atlantic cable completed, and first message received, August 20. The Danubian Principalities constituted, August 20. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and Japan signed, August 26. Government of India transferred from the Company to the Crown, September 1. Death of Robert Owen, November 17 (born about 1770). Trial of Count de Montalembert at Paris, November 25. Donati s comet discovered, June 2. Lake Victoria Nyanza dis covered by Speke. First vol. of Buckle s Introduction to the History of Civilization published (vol. ii., 1861). Tennyson s Idylls of the King (first series). Cavlyle s Frederick the Great (completed, 1865). 1859. Miramon president of Mexico, January 6. Death of Henry Hallam, January 21 (born, 1778). Celebration of centenary of the birth of Burns, January 25. Death of AV. H. Prescott, January 28 (born 1796). Oregon admitted a State of the Union, Feb ruary 12. Ultimatum of Austria, demanding disarmament of Sardinia, April 23. Death of Dr Larduer, April 29 (born, 1793). Revolution at Florence, flight of the grand duke of Tuscany, April 27. Declaration of war against Austria by Victor Emmanuel, April 27. The Austrian army crosses the Ticiiio, April 29. Declaration of war against Austria by Napoleon III., May 3. Death of Alexander von Humboldt, May 6 (born, 1769). Battle of Montebello, May 20. Garibaldi occupies Como, May 27. Battle of Magenta, June 4. Death of David Cox, June 7 (born, 1783). Entry of Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel into Milan, June 8. Annexation of Lombardy to Sardinia proclaimed. Death of Prince Metternich, June 11 (born, 1773). Resignation of the Derby ministry, June 17. Palmerston ministry, June 20. Repulse o* French and English squadron on the Peiho, June 24, 25. Battle of Solferino, June 24. Volunteer movement in England, June. Meeting of the Emperors Francis Joseph and Napoleon III. at Villafranca, July 7. Treaty signed, July 11. Confiscation of Church property in Mexico by Juarez, July 13. Acts for estab lishment of reserve forces of seamen and soldiers passed, August 13. Schamyl captured by the Russians, August 26. Concordat between Rome and Spain, August 26. Death of Leigh Hunt, August 28 (born, 1784). Death of Isambard K. Brunei, September 15 (born, 1806). Death of Robert Stephenson, October 12 (born, 1803). Negro insurrection at Harper s Ferry, Virginia, under John Brown, October 17 ; Brown hanged, December 2. Spain declares war against Marocco, October 22. Death of Ludwig Spohr, October 22 (born, 1784). Treaty of Zurich signed, November 10. Death of Washington Irving, November 28. Sardinian constitution pro claimed, December 7. Death of De Quincey, December 8 (born, 1786). Death of Lord Macaulay, December 28 (born, 1800). The Victoria Bridge, Montreal, opened. Lake Nyassa explored by Livingstone. George Eliot s Adam Bede published. Darwin s Origin of Species. Ewald s Geschidde dcs Volkes Israel completed. Sir. W. Hamilton s Lectures on Metaphysics (completed, 1861). Thackeray s Virginians. Cornhill Magazine established. 1860. General Prim defeats the Moors at Castillejos, Janu ary 1. Count Cavour president of the council in new king dom of Italy, January 21. Treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France signed at Paris, January 23. Tetuan taken by O Dormell, February 6. Death of Sir William Napier, Febru ary 12 (born, 1785). Ultimatum of Great Britain sent to Chinese Government, March 8. Insurrection in Sicily, March 15. Death of Mrs Jameson, March 17 (born, 1796). Annexation of Tuscany to Sardinia, March 22. Cession of Savoy and Nice to France by treaty of Turin, March 24. Treaty of peace between Spain and Marocco, April 26. Death of Theodore Parker, May 10 (born, 1810). Japanese embassy received at Washington, May 14. Palermo entered by Garibaldi, May 27. Transfer of Savoy ami Nice to the French empire, June 14. First voyage of the " Great Eastern " across the Atlantic, June 17 to 27. Battle of Mclazzo, June 20. Massacres of Maronites by the Druses in Syria, May 21 and July 9. Prince of Wales sails for Canada and the United States, July 9. Insurrection at Naples, August 17. Capture of the Taku forts by the allied French and English forces, August 21. Occupation of Tientsin, August 23. Garibaldi enters Naples, September 8, and proclaims Victor Emmanuel, September 9. The allies advance on Peking, September 9. Italian troops enter the States of the Church, September 11. Death of Schopenhauer, September 21 (born, 1787^. Capitulation of Ancona to the Sar dinians, September 29. Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at the Volturno, October 1. Summer palace of the emperor of China sacked by the French, October 6. New constitution of Austrian empise established by imperial diploma, October 20. Treaty of peace signed at Peking, October 24. Death of the earl of Dundonald, October 30 (born, 1775). Annexation of the Two Sicilies ( to Sardinia announced, November 3. Annexation of territory on the Amur by Russia, November 14. Death of Baron Bunsen, Nov ember 28 (born, 1791). Death of Dr Ferdinand Baur, Decejm- ber 2 (born, 1792). Secession of South Carolina from the Unten, December 20. Annexation of the Marches, Umbria, Naples, and Sicily to dominions of Victor Emmanuel, December 26. Spectrum
analysis established by Bunsen and Kirchhoff. Discovery of oil-