things in and by the Son, the apx^ f the passage commented on must refer to the only begotten Son of God. If then ve exist in God, because we are made by Him, as St Paul says, "in him we live, and move, and have our being," we must believe that we exist more immediately in the Son, being told, as in the text, that God made us and all things by and in 11 is Son. Christ, the apx~fi of the whole creation, must needs be in some sense the subject or object of all that is called science. Things, however, do not exist immediately in Christ, but at various distances and projections from Him. Every thing in particular is in its own proper or immediate apx fi or sub- etance ; but all these terminate in one, the Son of God, the substance of the whole creation. This interpretation.of the passage is corroborated by the conclusion reached in the Claris Univcrsalis; for it is there proved that the visible or material world exists imme diately in the mind of the percipient, and hence the meaning of the text must be that mind or spirit is the a.px~h in which God created the heaven and the earth. As the objects of sense exist imme diately in the mind, so the mind exists immediately in the Sou of God ; and thus the ladder of being is completed in this Specimen
of a True Philosophy.ThcLogology, oraTrcatisc on the Logos, in Seven Sermons on Johni. 1, 2, 3, and 14, was published in 1732, the year of Collier s death. It further applies his theory of inexistence to the Son, who is said to be in the Father, as men are in Him, and material objects are in them. The Son is the "mean proportional" between God and us. Collier was heterodox in regard to the incarnation, as well as the Trinity, maintaining "that the pre-existent Word, or Son of God, was not united to a created human soul or spirit, but was himself the man called Jesus and the Christ."
See Benson s Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Arthur Collier, 1837 ; Parr s Metaphysical Tracts by English Philosophers of the Eighteenth Century, 1837; Tennemann s History of Philosophy; Ham ilton s Discussions; Professor Fraser s edition of Berkeley s Works.
COLLIER, Jeremy (1650-1726), a learned English nonjuring divine, born at Stow-cum-Quy, Cambridge shire, in 1650, and was educated at Caius College, Cam bridge. His first appointment was to the small rectory of Ampton, near Bury St Edmunds, which, after six years, he resigned in order to proceed to London, where in 1685 he was made lecturer of Gray s Inn. The change of Government at the Revolution, however, soon rendered the public exercise of his function impracticable. He was committed to Newgate for writing in favour of the de throned monarch, and again on a charge of carrying on a treasonable correspondence with the enemies of the popu lar movement ; but he was released on both occasions without trial, by the intervention of his friends. So far did he carry his scruples at this period, that he submitted to confinement rather than make a tacit acknowledgment of the jurisdiction of the court by accepting his liberty upon bail. In the two following years he continued to harass the Government by his publications ; but for his boldness in granting absolution at their execution to Sir John Friend and Sir "William Perkins, who had attempted the assassination of William, he was obliged to flee, and for the rest of his life continued under sentence of outlawry. When the storm had blown over he returned to London, and employed his leisure in literary works, which were less political in their tone. In 1697 appeared the first volume of his Essays on Several Moral Subjects, to which a second was added in 1705, and a third in 1709. All three series enjoyed great popularity at the time of their appearance. It was in 1798, however, that Collier produced the book by which he is best known, and for which he has been most justly praised, the famous Short Vieiv of the Immorality and Profanentss of the English Stage. Its publication involved him in a lengthened controversy with Congreve, Yanbrugh, and the other wits of the day. The book abounds in hypercriticism and in useless display of learning, neither intrinsically valuable nor conducive to the argument. Yet, in the words of Macaulay, who gives an admirable account of the discussion in his essay on the Comic Dramatists of the Restoration, "when all deduc tions have been made, great merit must be allowed to the work. There is hardly any book of that time from which it would be possible to select specimens of writing so ex cellent and so various." The Short View was followed by a Defence, a Second Defence, and a Farther Vindication, and in 1703 by Mr Collier s Dissuasive from the Play house, in a Letter to a Person of Quality. The fight lasted in all some ten years ; but Collier had right on his side, and triumphed ; and the reformation of the English stage, so greatly needed, may be said to date from the publication of the Short View. From 1701 to 1721 Collier was em ployed in the translation and publication (in six volumes folio) of Moreri s Dictionnaire Historique, and in the com pilation and issue of the two volumes folio of his own Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain. The latter work was attacked by Burnet and others,, but the author showed himself as keen a controversialist as ever. Many attempts were made to shake his fidelity to the lost cause of the Stuarts, but he continued indomitable to the end. His last work was a volume of Practical Discourses, published in 1725. He died April 26, 1726.
COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert (1750-1810), the first Baron Collingwood, a celebrated naval commander, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 26th of September 1750. He was early sent to school ; and when only eleven years of age he was put on board the " Shannon," then under the command of Captain (afterwards Admiral) Brathwaite, a relative of his own, to whose care and attention he was in a great measure indebted for that nautical knowledge which shone forth so conspicuously in his subsequent career. After serving under Captain Brathwaite for some years, and also under Admiral Roddam, he went in 1774 to Boston with Admiral Graves, who in the year following presented him with a lieutenancy. In 1779 he was made commander of the "Badger," and shortly afterwards post-captain of the " Hinchinbroke," a small frigate. In the spring of 1780 that vessel, under the command of Nelson, was employed upon an expedition to the Spanish Main, where it was proposed to pass into the Pacific by navigating boats along the River San Juan and the Lakes Nicaragua and Leon. The attempt failed, and most of those engaged in it became victims to the deadly influence of the climate. Nelson was promoted to a larger vessel, and Collingwood succeeded him in the command. It is a fact worthy of record that the latter succeeded the former very frequently from the time when they first became acquainted, until the star of Nelson set at Trafalgar giving place to that of Collingwood, less brilliant certainly, but not less steady in its lustre.
After commanding in another small frigate, Collingwood was promoted to the " Sampson " of sixty-four guns ; and in 1783 he was appointed to the " Mediator," destined for the West Indies, where, with Nelson, who had a command on that station, he remained till the end of 1786. With Nelson he warmly co-operated in carrying into executiof the provisions of the navigation laws, which had been infringed by the L T nited States, whose ships, notwithstand ing the separation of the countries, continued to trade to the West Indies, although that privilege was by law exclusively confined to British vessels. In 1786 Colling wood returned to England, where, with the exception of a voyage to the West Indies, he remained until 1793, in which year he was appointed captain of the " Prince," the flag-ship of Rear-Admiral Bowyer. About two years pre vious to this event he had married Miss Sarah Roddam a fortunate alliance, which continued to be a solace to him amidst the privations to which the life of a seaman must ever be subject.
at the celebrated naval engagement which was fought on the 1st of June 1794 ; and on that occasion he displayed equal judgment and courage. On board the " Excellent "
he shared in the victory of the 14th of February 1797,