Lancashire, situated not far from the Kibble, at the foot of Pendle Hills, about 28 miles by railway north of Manchester. It has several suburbs, known as Waterloo, Salford, and Bawdlands, and at the side of the river is the little village of Low Moor. Its principal buildings are the parish church of St Michael s, a grammar school founded in 1554, the moothnll, and the county court erected in 1864 ; and its industrial establishments comprise cotton- mills, extensive print-works, paper-mills, foundries, snd brick and lime works. The cotton manufacture alone employed upwards of 2000 people -in 1871. Clitheroe was a borough by prescription as early as the llth century, and in 1138 it is mentioned as the scene of a battle be tween the Scotch and English. Its castle, probably built not long after, was a fortress of the Lacy family, and continued a defensible position till 1649, when it was dis mantled by the Parliamentary forces. The Honor of Cli theroe, for a long time a part of the duchy of Lancaster, and bestowed by Charles II. on General Monk, is now in the pos session of the Buccleuch family. Population of the municipal borough in 1871, 8208 ; of the parliamentary, 11,786.
CLITOMACHUS, a leader of the New Academy, was a Carthaginian originally named Hasdrubal, who came to Athens about the middle of the 2d century B.C. He made himself well acquainted with Stoical and Peripatetic philosophy; but he principally studied under Carneades, whose views he adopted, and whom he succeeded as chief representative of the New Academy in 129 B.C. His works were some 400 in number ; but we possess scarcely anything but a few titles, among which are De sustincndis ofensionilus, vtpl tVo^s (on suspension of judgment), and Trepi alptcrewv (an account of various philosophical sects). In 146 he wrote a philosophical treatise to console his countrymen after the ruin of their city. One of his works was dedicated to the Latin poet Lucilius, another to L. Cenf,orinus, who was consul in 149 B.C.
CLITOR, a town of ancient Greece, in that part of Arcadia which corresponds to the modern eparchy of Kalavryta. It stood in a fertile plain to the south of Mount Chelmos, the highest peak of the Aroanian Moun tains, and not far from a stream of its own name, which joined the Aroanius, or Katzana. In the neighbourhood was a fountain, the waters of which were said to deprive those who drunk them of the taste for wine. The town was a place of considerable importance in Arcadia, and its inhabitants w ere noted for their love of liberty. It extended its territory over several neighbouring towns, and in the Theban war fought against Orchomenos. As a member of the Achaean league it suffered siege at the hands of the vEtolians, and was on several occasions the seat of the federal assemblies. The ruins, which bear the common name of Paleopoli, or Old City, are still to be seen about three miles from a village that preserves the ancient designation. The greater part of the walls and several of the circular towers with which they were strengthened can be clearly made out ; and there are ulso remains of a small Doric temple, the columns of which were adorned with strange capitals.
CLIVE, Robert (1725-1774), Baron Clive of Plassy, in the peerage of Ireland, was the statesman and general who founded the empire of British India before ho was forty years of age. He is now represented by the Powis family, his son having been made earl of Powis in the peerage of the United Kingdom. Clive was born on the 29th September 1725 at Styche, the family estate in the parish of Moreton-Say, Market-Drayton, Shropshire. We learn from himself, in his second speech in the House of Commons in 1773, that as the estate yielded only 500 a year, his father followed the profession of the law also. The Clives, or Clyves, formed one of the oldest families in the county of Shropshire, having held the marior of that namo in the reign of Henry II. One Clive was Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer under Henry VIII. ; another was a member of the Long Parliament ; Robert s father sat for many years for Montgomeryshire. His mother, to whom throughout life he was tenderly attached, and who had a powerful influence on his career, was a daughter, and with her sister Lady Sempill co-heir, of Nathaniel Gaskell of Manchester, Robert was their eldest son. With his five sisters, all of whom were married in duo time, he ever maintained the most affectionate relations. His only brother survived to 1825. Young Clive was the despair of his teachers. Sent from school to school, and for only a short time at the Merchant Taylors school, which had then a high reputation, he neglected his books for boyish adventures, often of the most dangerous kind. But he was not so ignorant as it is the fashion of his biographers to represent. He could translate Horace in after life, at the opening of the book ; and he must have laid in his youth the foundation of that clear and vigorous English style which marked all his despatches, and made Lord Chatham declare of one of his speeches in the House of Commons that it was the most eloquent he had ever heard. From his earliest years, however, his ambition was to lead his fellows ; but ho never sacrificed honour, as the word was then understood, even to the fear of death. At eighteen he was sent out to Madras as a " factor " or " writer " in the civil service of the East India Company. The deten tion of the ship at Brazil for nine months enabled him to acquire the Portuguese language, which, at a time when few or none of the Company s servants learned the vernaculars of India, ho often found of use during his service there. For the first two years of his residence he was miserable. He felt keenly the separation from home ; he was always breaking through the restraints imposed on young " writers ;" and he was rarely out of trouble with his fellows, with one of whom he fought a duel. Thus early, too, the effect of the climate on his health began to show itself in those fits of depression during one of which he afterwards pre maturely ended his life. The story is told of him by his companions, though he himself never spoke of it, that ho twice snapped a pistol at his head in vain. His one solace was found in tho Governor s library, where he sought to make up for past carelessness, not only by much reading, but by a course of study. He was just of age, when in 1746 Madras was forced to capitulate to Labourdonnais, during the war of the Austrian Succession. The breach of that capitulation by Dupleix, then at the head of the French settlements in India, led Clive, with others, to escape from the town to the subordinate Fort St David, some twenty miles to the south. There, disgusted with the state of affairs and the purely commercial duties of an East Indian civilian, as they then were, Clive obtained an ensign s commission.
first conqueror who to the dash of the soldier added the skill of the administrator. For the forty years since the death of the Emperor Aurungzebc, the power of the Great Mogul had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or soubadars. The three greatest of these were- the nawab of the Deccan, or South and Central India, who ruled from Hyderabad, the nawab of Bengal, whoso capital was Moorshedabad, and the nawab or vizier of Oudh. The prize lay between Dupleix, who had the genius of an administrator, or rather intriguer, but was no soldier, and Clive, the first of a century s brilliant succes sion of those " soldier-politicals," as they are called in tho East, to whom, ending with Sir Henry Lawrence, Great Britain owes the conquest and consolidation of its greatest
deperdency. Clive successively established British ascend-