beautiful Braccio Nuovo, or new wing. These and the liko expenses, however, were a heavy drain on the Papal treasury, and brought Consalvi into financial difficulties, from which he only got free by the imposing of unpopular taxes. On the death of Pius VI f. he retired to his villa of Porto d Anzio ; and, though he afterwards accepted from the new Pope the honorary office of prefect of the college De Propaganda Fide, his political career was closed. He died on 22d of January 1824, leaving the most of his mode rate fortune to the poor. A fine portrait of Consalvi by Sir T. Lawrence is preserved at Windsor, and his tomb in South Marcello is surmounted by a monument by
Rinaldi.
The memoirs of his life, written with great freedom of statement and considerable force of style, have been published by Cretineau- Joly in 1864. See also M. de Pradt, Histoirc des Quatre Concordats, 1818-1820; L. Cardinali, Elogio delta alia memoria del card. Consalvi; Ccnni biografici sul Consalvi, published at Venice in 1824 ; Bartholdi, Ziirje aus dem Lebcn des Cardinals Here. Consalvi, 1825 ; Cardinal Wiseman, Eecollections of the last Four Popes, 1858 ; Cretineau-Joly, L eglise Romaine en face de la devolution, 1859 ; and Ernest Daudet, Le Cardinal Consalvi, 1866.
CONSANGUINITY, or Kindred, is defined by the writers on the subject to be vinculum personarum ab eodem stipite descendentium, that is, the connection or relation of persons descended from the same stock or common ancestor. This consanguinity is either lineal or collateral. Lineal con sanguinity is that which subsists between persons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other, while col lateral relations descend from the same stock or ancestor, but do not descend the one from the other. Collateral kinsmen, then, are such as lineally spring from one and the same ancestor, who is the stirps, or root, as well as the stipes, trunk, or common stock, whence these relations branch out. It will be seen that the modern idea of consanguinity is larger than that of agnatio in the civil law, which was limited to connection through males, and was modified by the ceremonies of adoption and emancipation, and also than that of cognatio, which did not go beyond the sixth generation, and was made the basis of Justinian s law of succession. The more limited meaning of consangidnci was brothers or sisters by the same father, as opposed to uterini, brothers or sisters by the same mother. The degrees of collateral consanguinity were differently reckoned in the civil and in the canon law. " The civil law reckons the number of descents between the persons on both sides from the common ancestor. The canon law counts the number of descents between the common ancestor and the two persons on one side only," and always on the side of the person who is more distant from the common ancestor. A recent American writer, Lewis Morgan (Systems of Con sanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, 1871), has given the terms used to denote kindred in 139 languages. The Mongoloids, the Malays, the Dravidas, and the Ameri can aborigines have the following system. All the descendants of a common ancestor or ancestors of the same generation call each other brother and sister ; they call all males of the previous generation fathers, and of the following one sons. From this he draws the mistaken inference (shared by Lubbock) that the primitive marriage state was hetarism, or community of wives. The linguistic facts are more probably connected with considerations of social rank, and such associations as the vendetta. In fact, except Egypt and Persia, nearly the whole world, both civilized and savage, have joined in repudiating incest. The chief danger has now been seen to lie in the risk of transmitting defects in an aggravated form. The force of the feeling is seen in the custom of wife-stealing, or exogamy by violence. In many places even identity of name is held to be an impediment to marriage. (See also M Lennan On Primitive Marriage, 2d edition, 1876.)
CONSECRATION, the act of devoting anything to sacred uses. The Mosaic law ordained that all the first born both of man and beast should be consecrated to God. We find also that Joshua consecrated the Gibeonites, as Solomon and David did the Nethinims, to the service of the Temple ; and that the Hebrews sometimes consecrated their fields and cattle to the Lord, after which they were no longer in their own power. In England (and, indeed, in all countries where any form of episcopacy prevails) churches have always been consecrated with particular ceremonies, the form of which is either left in a great measure to the discretion of the bishops, or provided for in the recognized office-books. Cemeteries are in like manner episcopally consecrated. Consecration is also used for^the benediction of the elements in the Eucharist. Consecration, or the ancient heathen ceremony of the apotheosis of an emperor, is thus represented on medals : On one side is the emperor s head, crowned with laurel, sometimes veiled, while the inscription gives him the title of divus; on the reverse is a temple, a bustum, an altar, or an eagle taking its flight towards heaven, either from oft the altar, or from a cippus. In others the emperor is borne up in the air by the eagle. The inscription is always consecratio. These are the usual symbols ; but on the reverse of that of Antoninus is the Antonine column. In the apotheosis of empresses, instead of an eagle, there is a peacock. The honours rendered to these princes after death were explained by the words consecratio, pater, divus, and deus. Sometimes around the temple or altar are put the words memoria felix, or memoriae wternce ; and for princesses, ceternitas, and sideribiis recepta; whilst on the one side of the head is dea, or 6ed. The term consecratio is also applied by Roman authors to the devotion of priests and temples to the gods ; this is likewise called dedicatio and inauguratio. In Greek we find the verbs IBpvo), iep6u>, used to express the same idea, with the cognate noun t Spvcrts and (in late authors) Ka^te pcoo-c?.
toire, Ger. Conservator ium], a name applied first in Italy, and afterwards throughout the Continent, to institutions for training in music and for preserving the true theory and practice of the art. They arose out of the necessity of pro viding trained choristers for the service of the church, and were generally maintained upon some charitable; foundation which provided board in addition to a musical education for orphans and the children of poor parents, other pupils being occasionally taken on payment of fees. When fully equipped, each conservatorio had two maestri or principals, one for composition and one for singing, besides professors for the various instruments. Though St Ambrose and Pope Leo I., in the 4th and 5th centuries respectively, are sometimes named in connection with the subject, the historic continuity of the conservatoire in its modern sense cannot be traced farther back than the 16th century. The first to which a definite date can te assigned is the Conservatorio di Santa Maria di Loretto, at Naples, founded by Giovanni di Tappia in 1537. Three other similar schools were afterwards established in the city, of which the Conserva torio di Sant Onofrio deserves special mention on account of the fame of its teachers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti. Leo, Durante, and Porpora. There were thus for a con siderable time four flourishing conservatories in Naples. Two of them, however, ceased to exist in the course of last century, and on the French occupation of the city the other two were united by Murat in a new institution under the title Real Collegio di Musica, which admitted pupils of both sexes, the earlier conservatorios having been
exclusively for boys. In Venice, on the other hand, there