Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/373

siderable quantities are also shipped direct to Hamburg and to British ports. The amount annually exported is subject to great fluctuations, which equally affect the market value of the product. During the year 1872-73 the imports into Bombay were 9G6 cwts., and probably at least an equal quantity went in other directions. The following analysis

of Zanzibar and Madagascar copal is given by Filliol:—

Zanzibar Madagascar. Carbon 7970 79 SO Hydrogen 10 40 9 42 Oxygen 9 90 1078

COPAN, a village of Central America, in the republic of Honduras, famous for the remarkable ruins in its neigh bourhood. It is situated not far from the frontier of Guatemala, on the right bank of the Rio Copan, a tributary of the Motagua, about thirty miles east of Chiquimula, in 14 45 N. lat. and 90" 52 W. long. The ruins occupy a rectangular area of about 1600 feet in length and 900 feet in breadth; and the outer walls appear to be about 25 feet thick at the bottom. The principal building is an immense terrace with a perpendicular front towards the river, extending a distance of 624 feet, and attaining a height of about 70 feet above the soil. It has been calculated that this single structure must have required upwards of 26,000,000 cubic feet of stone. Numerous obelisks and statues are still standing, covered in bewildering profusion with grotesque sculpturings, which in many cases can only have been ornamental, but in others belong pretty evidently to some hieroglyphics! system of symbols. The presence of what appear to be altars in front of several of the figures gives reason to suppose that they were worshipped as deities. That these erections were the work of a people of considerable artistic and engineering skill is abundantly evident ; but not the slightest datum is afforded by tradition for any conjecture in regard to their origin. An identifica tion at one time attempted with the city which offered so brave a resistance to Hernando de Chaves in 1530 is now considered as unsatisfactory. The ruins unfortunately are exposed not only to the destructive influences of nature, but also to the attacks of an ignorant populace ; and according to Dr Bernouilli, who visited the spot in 1870, the dangers from the latter source are rapidly increasing as the little hamlet, which now contains a church and a cabildo, has become the centre for the surrounding district.

A very complete resume of the various descriptions of Copan will be found in Bancroft s Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, vol. iv., 1875, his most important authorities being Palacio s Carlo, dirijada al rey (a 16th century account, published at Albany in 1860) ; the report of Col. Juan Galindo in 1835 ; Stephens, Incidents of Travelin Central America, 1841 ; Catherwood, Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, 1844. Among those who have visited the ruins in more recent years are M. Cesar Daly, Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg, Mr Hardcastle, and Mr Ellerly.

COPENHAGEN (Danish, Kiobenhavn ; Latin, Hafnia or Hauni<i), the capital of Denmark, is situated at the southern extremity of the Sound, at that part about 20 miles broad, 180 miles north-east of Hamburg, in 55 40 52" N". lat. and 12 35 46" E. long. The main portion of the city is built on low-lying ground on the east coast of the island of Seeland between the sea and a series of freshwater lakes, known respectively as St Jorgens So, Peblings So, and Sortedams So ; a southern and smaller portion, distinguished as Christianshavri, occupies the northern part of the island of Amager or Amak. An excellent harbour is furnished by the natural channel between the two islands; and com munication from one division to the other is afforded by two bridges the Langebro and the Knippelsbro, the latter of which, an iron structure erected in 1869, has replaced the wooden drawbridge built by Christian IV. in 1620. The older city, including both the Seeland and Amager portions, was formerly surrounded by a complete line of ramparts and moats ; but since 1863 these defences are being gradually demolished and filled up, to make way for new streets and squares. Towards the sea the city will bo still protected by the citadel of Frederikshavn and several minor forts. Outside of the line of the ramparts, which had a circuit of about five miles, there have sprung up several extensive suburbs, Oesterbro, Norrebro, and Vesterbro (East Bridge, North Bridge, and West Bridge) in the Seeland portion, and Amagerbro to the south of Christianshavn ; and with these suburbs the city occupies an area of 3200 acres. In the intramural city there are numerous public squares of considerable extent :- Amalien- borg Place, or Frederick s Place, a handsome octagon formed by four palaces of uniform size and design, ajid having in the centre an equestrian statue of Frederick V., erected in 1768 at the cost of the former Asiatic Company ; Kongena Nytorv (the king s new market, formerly called Hollandsaas) an irregular square, the largest in the city, with an eques trian statue of Christian V. in the centre, remarkable only for its size ; the Gammeltory and Nytorv (old and new markets), forming one oblong area ; and the Slotsplacc on which stand the Christiansborg Palace, the chapel royal, the exchange, and the chancery buildings. A long street called Gothers Gade divides the Seeland portion of the intramural city into two nearly equal halves.

1. Kongens Nytorv.

2. Communal Hospital. 3. Gammel-og-Nytorv. 4. Frederick s Place. 5. Rosenberg Palace. 6. Church of St Peter. 7. Cathedral (Frae Kirke). Plan of Copenhagen. 8. Holmens Kirke. 9. Trinity Church. 10. Koyal Castle of Christiansborg. 11. Ministeriuir.. 12. Thorwaldsen Museum. 13. University. 14. Theatre.

Public Buildings.—The citadel already mentioned is a regular polygon with five bastions, and is connected with the city by an esplanade. It was founded by Frederick III. about 1662-63, and has become associated as a stata prison with the names of Griffenfeld, Struensee, and Brandt.

The royal palace of Christiansborg, originally built by

Christian VI., but afterwards destroyed by fire in 1794, has since been rebuilt on an extensive scale. It occupies the site of the old castle of Bishop Absolon, which vas restored at great expense by Frederick IV., and is famous in history for its Blaataarn, or Blue Tower, long used as a state prison. Over the principal entrance are two bas- reliefs by Thorwaldsen, representing Minerva and Prometheus, Hercules and Hebe, Jupiter and Nemesis, and Æsculapius and Hygeia. The Eiddersal (knights hall) is

a magnificent apartment, 120 feet long, 44 feet high, and