doctrinal position, his teaching became more and more offensive to the old orthodox party ; and on the appearance (1864) of his article on Kenan s Vie de Jesus in the Nouvelle Revue de TMologie, the storm of suspicion and dislike which had long been gathering burst on his head, and he was forbidden by the Paris Consistory to continue his ministerial functions. He received an address of regretful sympathy from the consistory of Anduze, and a provision was voted for him by the Protestant Liberal Union, to enable him to continue his preaching. This he did with much earnestness and success till within a few weeks of his death. Coquerel received the cross of the Legion of
Honour in 1862. He died at Paris, July 25, 1875.
Coquerel's principal writings are Jean Calas et sa famillc (1853); Des Beaux- Arts en Italic, (of which an English translation was published in 1859) ; La Saint Barthelcmy (1860) ; Precis de stylise reformee (1862) ; Le Catholicisms et le Protcstantisme con- lideree dans leur origine et leur developpemcnt (1864) : Libres etudes, ami La conscience et lafoi (1867).
COQUEREL, Athanase Laurent Charles (1795- 18G8), French Protestant divine, president of the Presby terian Council of Paris, was born in that city, August 27, 1795. He received his early education from his aunt, Helen Maria Williams, an Englishwoman, who at the close of the 18th century made herself a reputation by various translations and by her Letters from France. He completed his theological studies at the Protestant faculty of Mont- auban, and in 1816 was ordained pastor. During the follow ing twelve years he resided in Holland, and preached with acceptance before Calvinistic congregations at Amsterdam, Leyden, and Utrecht. In 1830, at the suggestion of Cuvier, who then filled the office of minister of Protestant worship, Coquerel was called to Paris ; and there he Hpent the rest of his life. Ardently attached to liberal ideas, he was not content with advocating them from the pulpit, but resolved to speak also through the press. In the first year of his Paris life he therefore established a periodical entitled Le Protestant, which was continued till December 1833. In the course of this year he was chosen a member of the consistory. In January 1834 appeared the first number of the Libre Examen, under the joint- editorship of Coquerel and Artaud, which was carried on till July 1836. Coquerel rapidly acquired the re putation of a great pulpit orator, and the liberal views which he announced with fearless freedom brought him more and more into antagonism with the rigid Calvinists. He took a warm interest in all matters of education, and distinguished himself so much by his defence of the university of Paris against a sharp attack, that in 1835 he was chosen a member of the Legion of Honour. Pained by the doctrinal divergencies which separated the Protestants of France, and longing to bring about a real union, he originated, in 1841, a periodical entitled Le Lien, of which such union was the avowed object. The same year appeared his Reponse to the Leben Jesu of Strauss. After. the revolution of February 1848, Coquerel was elected a member of the National Assembly, where he sat as a moderate republican, subsequently becoming a member of the Legislative Assembly. He supported the first ministry of Louis Napoleon, and gave his vote in favour of the expedition to Rome and the restoration of the temporal power of the Pope. After the coup d etat of December 2, 1851, he confined himself to the duties of his pastorate, which he had not ceased to discharge. He was one of the most prolific of French sermon-writers, as well as one of the most famous orators of his day, and retained his popularity to the last. He died at Paris, January 10, 18G8.
A large collection of his sermons was published in 8 vols. between 19 and 1852. And in addition to the works already named he was author of Biographic sacrcc (1825-1826); Histoirc sainte ct analyse dc la Bible (1839) ; Orthodoxic modcrne (1842) Christo- logic (1858), &c. These works hare had a large circulation, and most of them have been translated into English, German, and Dutch.
COQUES, or Cocx, Gonzalez (1614-1684), the son of Peeter Willemsen Cocx, a respectable Flemish citizen, and not, as his name might imply, a Spaniard, was born at Antwerp. At the age of twelve he entered the house of Peeter, the son of " Hell " Brueghel, an obscure portrait painter, and at the expiration of his time as an apprentice, became a journeyman in the workshop of David Ryckaert the second, under whom he made accurate studies of still life. At twenty-six he matriculated in the guild of St Luke ; he then married Ryckaert s daughter, and in 1653 joined the literary and dramatic club known as the " Retorijkerkamer." After having been made president of his guild in 1665, and in 1671 painter in ordinary to Count Monterey, governor-general of the Low Countries, he married again in 1674, and died full of honours in his native place. Coques chose his vocation as a boy when he took lessons from the last of the Brueghels. He was trained to the execution of portraits. One of his canvases in the gallery of the Hague represents a suite of rooms hung with pictures, in which the artist himself may be seen at a table with his wife and two children, surrounded by masterpieces composed and signed by several contemporaries. Partner ship in painting was common amongst the small masters of the Antwerp school ; and it has been truly said of Coques that he employed Arthois for landscapes, Ghering and Van Ehrenberg for architectural backgrounds, Steenwijck tlie younger for rooms, and Peeter Gysels for still life aftd flowers ; but the model upon which Coques formed himself was Van Dyck, whose sparkling touch and refined manner he imitated with great success. He never ventured beyond the " cabinet," but in this limited field the family groups of his middle time are full of life, brilliant from the sheen of costly dress and sparkling play of light and shade, combined with finished execution and enamelled surface. The finest examples of Coques are in England. Three of his family pieces are in the collection of Sir Richard Wallace, a fourth in Buckingham Palace, a fifth and sixth in the galleries of Mr Labouchere and Mi- Walter of Bearwood, a seventh in the collection of Mr Robarts, an eighth in the National Gallery. Three portraits of the Elector Palatine Frederick and his wife Elizabeth, and David Tem ers, the painter, are in the Ellesmere collection. The finest specimen abroad is Coques s Family in the Dresden Museum.
CORA, an ancient city of Italy, about seven miles south east of Rome by the Appian Way. Various traditions about its origin are found in the Roman writers ; but all agree in acknowledging its great antiquity, and for a long period it ranked as one of the most important cities of Latium. After being lost sight of in history for about twelve hundred years it reappears in the 13th century, and under the name of Cori it continues to the present day, a town of from 5000 to 6000 inhabitants. Situated on a hill that rises above the Ponptine marshes, and divided by an olive grove into two portions, Cori presents a fine appearance from the plain. Besides the walls erected in the 15th century by Ladislas of Naples, it preserves important remains of its earlier and perhaps its earliest defences, constructed of large polygonal blocks ; part of a temple, usually distinguished by the name of Hercules, is incorporated in the church of St Pietro ; two Corinthian columns of admirable execution mark the site of the temple of Castor and Pollux ; numerous minor antiquities are scattered about the town ; and the ravine outside the gate way leading to Ninfa is spanned by the Ponte della Catena, built of massive blocks of tufa.
See for further details Nibby, Dintorni di Roma ; Giovanni Antoliui, 11 tcmjriod Ercolc in Cori, Milan, 1828.
