COTTON 505 labour become almost entirely a product of capital. Important results flowed from this change. It enabled Great Britain, the principal holder of these machines, to become the furnisher of a commodity which up to that time had been brought at a great expense from India. It further enabled her to reduce its cost, and render what till then had been accessible only to the rich, and of limited sale, an article of general wear. During the long struggle which took place between machinery and hand labour, this country continued to be the nearly exclusive possessor of the machines by which the reduction of cost was effected. Having in consequence, in a great measure, a monopoly of the supply, she was enabled to reap that harvest of prosperity which so unusual a combination of circumstances was TABLE VII. A Comparative Statement of the Quantities of Yarns and Piece Goods, and the Aggregate Value of these and other Cotton Products Exported to the various Countries of the World, with the Population of each Country, and the value of British Cotton Products Consumed by each per Head, in the Years 1851, 1861, 1871. Population in 1000 s. Yarn exported, in 1000 s of It. Piece Goods Exported, in 1000 s of Yards. Value of Yam and all kinds of Cotton Goods Exported. Value of Exports per Head. EUROPE.
- Russia, European and Asiatic
1851 1861 1871 1851 1861 1871 1851 1861 1871 1851 1861 1871 1851 1861 1871 67,995 4,890 2,402 75,896 5,377 2,678 81,925 5,945 2,791 3,347 1,464 1,988 3,261 963 2,145 3,478 2,24 2,534 1,568 2,217 3,421 4,797 3,54? 5,41; 3,761 5,423 2,599
225,117 95,305 121,126
355,948 125,771 169,068
556,648 3*9,541 305 S3- d. 7 4-67 12-K 33-4C 3-56 11-2C 9S 58-4C 7-31 4365 19-93 71-57 26-60 d. 1-12 5-61 15-18 41-OS 3-68
- 11-12
4-51 19-41 I 966 57-48 27-41 6315 32-28 d. 1-63 13-30 2(i-29 62-29 2-84 29-71 1403 1?34 50-39 22-(,0 84-8 51-30 Denmark Germany and Holland 36,104 29,650 4,42f 38,176 143 15,48" 3,798 23,30( 1 - 11 39,465 32,573 4,624 39,825 144 42,092 35,904 5,087 40,812 145 16,661 67,471 4,852 1,979 69 9 163 918 17,821 1,506 90,336 4.815 962 1,702 632 402 24,383 1,935 7,564 85,427 3,084 1,994 4,521 76,185 20,87!) 2,12 J 3,92S 996 27,812 49,74fa 85,52S 21,567 104,771 105,538 18,901 6,354 31,331 227 31,571 6 J,4 16 114,198 19,488 126,917 107, 4 1( 14,049 0,401 86,854 48,224 69,130 85,581 24,059 147,130 5,034,7 SI 443,879 206.70S 158,962 34.800 471,895 674,971 1,935,074 3(51,179 1,743,720 6,756,059 500,172 214,390 749,109 11,648 666,829 9-49,520 2,855,893 352,090 2,132,026 10,925.963 426,217 829,788 2,386,739 926,659 891,811 2,449,197 515.536 3,427,500 "0 143 17,12< 1,723 14,486 16,566 3,964 25,003 1,338 Portugal, the Azores, Ac. Italy and Italian Islands 4,247 26,717 1 458 Turkey in Europe 15,74f 15,850 16,035 7,421 Total for Europe and Asia- ) 243,312 263,303 279,819 109,008 139,100 137,161 400,741 537,699 590,621 11,507,497 15,838,523 23,771,438! 11 35 14-43 30-35 ASIA. 16,050 30,730 2J,00( 375,00( 30,00( 20,000 19(),00( 10,000 16,250 32,250 21,000 400,000 32,000 22,000 220,000 11,550 16,463 33,800 22,000 440,000 3-5,000 25,000 241,000 13,000 1,317 2,812 51 1,674 6,731 284 4,311 2,350 8,929 10,217 1,049 22,193 6,352 22,179 1 ll-i ,975 49,206 860,667 45,119 91,927 1,08 44,527 243,051 1,754 82,509 753,631 77,249 74,637 443 71,458 4 9,080 37,391 44,. -92 950,382 269,071 334,046 29 1,598,829 792,523 5,628,925 673,849 1,164,058 22,605 719,804 3,486,822 36,556 1,444,183 10,907,494 926,50s 1,424,65C 6,454 1,228,384 7.030,858 1,049,701 891,069 13,601 ,%S 4,124,241 4-99 i : 02 9 : 5 1 J7 5( 17-19 16 8-22 2-09 27 15-75 12-25 20-76 04 13-40 3-83 7-19 8-55 16-74 Persia, Arabia, <fcc Cochin China, Siam, <fcc 4,319 "84C 25,726 1,311 C iina 811 23,183 1,061 India, Burmah, and Ceylon... Total for Asia and Egypt.... AFRICA. Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, and ) Morocco ) 691,781 755,050 826,263 33,529 36,610 55,401 692,147 1,296,919 1,917,354 9,028,201 18,708,030 29,357,331 3-13 6-94 8-52 8,30f 2,2:>< 851 8,920 2,500 600 10,871 2,700 950 f 9 6 28 24 1,995 17,626 10,4 9( 5,306 6,967 35,765 14,9o8 16,477 13,187 48,885 18,815 15,680 32,567 282.294 154,7vO 79,771 104,990 581,435 806,745 217,136 211,944 830,346 476,296 238,010 94 30-79 106-10 4-03 2-82 55-81 147-23 10-21 4-G7 73-80 120-32 10-o8 West Coast and Islands South Coast East Coast and Islands 4, 701 32,000 5,100 3(i,000 5 50( Interior of Continent 40,00( Total (except Egypt, &c.).... AMERICA. British North America United States 47,600 53,020 60,021 14 6 52 35,423 74,147 9(5,507 549,362 1,210,300 1,756,596 2-77 5-47 7-02 2,517 23,192 7,660 2,000 1,059 550 1,720 2 300 3,330 31,445 4.154 38,244 831 79 256 153 978 3<i,476 76,580 39,486 74,680 42,647 129,701 36,121 13,015 39,102 8,140 71,870 92,001 13,683 762 721,087 1,977,295 694,615 1,539,096 1,014,488 0,109,063 68-75 20-46 50-06 11-74 58-61 32-06 Mexico 8,295 2,250 1,186 561) 1,930 2,525 1,350 BOO 9,175 2,735 1,275 572 2,100 2,900 1,400 1,108 194 12 " 26 8 3 135 267 71 "iei 10,555 27,931 37,709 7,269 51,893 11,471 14,527 1,943 18,780 15,135 38,545 9,4(55 53,163 36,572 19,512 8,055 243,495 399,184 553,423 144,486 765,407 185.746 211,199 32,314 357,445 214,388 586,910 172,875 848,149 535,152 307,978 119,296 645,6(,2 195,641 677,720 179,728 1,326,501 1,613,555 241,802 12,910 7-62 47-90 125-42 6i40 106-80 19-38 39-91 10-34 10-34 22-86 118-76 74-08 10-46 50-86 54-75 31-81 16-88 17-16 127-57 75-41 151-60 133-53 41-45 2-79 Central America and Biitish ) j British West Indies and ) Guiana j Hayti Foreign West Indies New Granada 1,270 750 Ecuador Total Mexico, West Indies, &c. 17,309 18,990 21, 2(55 248 402 202 163,298 199,227 274,694 2,535,254 3,142,193 4,893,519 35-15 39-69 55-22 7,000 3,305 4,975 8,100 s,r,5 6,10(1 9,858 4,000 6,460 3 9 32 134,421 14,137 71,988 168,298 53,976 77,799 165,310 75,233 86,143 2,016,259 237,800 1,151,303 2,550,991 866,712 1,216,739 3,072,569 1,381,431 1,386,729 69-12 17-26 55-54 75-58 56-98 47-87 74-80 82-88 51-51 Paraguay, Uruguay, La ) Plata, &c f Chili, Peru, Bolivia, &c Total for South America Total for America 15,280 17,850 20,318 44 220,546 300,073 326.6S6 3,405,362 4,643,442 5,840,729 53-48 62-65 68-99 58,298 71,621 83,981 1,202 658 1,363 498,900 613,466 773,728 8,638,998 10,010,346 16,857,799 35-56 33-54 48-17 AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH SEA ) ISLANDS j 466 1,266 1,856 208 15,947 41,170 32,738 364,778 1,015,479 935,781 187-86 192-50 121-39 Total for the world ,041,456 1,144,260 1,201,934 143,961 176,374 193,977 ,543,1582,563,411 3,411,00830,088,836 46,782,684 2,678,945 6-93 9-81 13-93 calculated to produce; an improvement in the condition of every class of the community followed the advance of the manufacture. To preserve the pre-eminence gained by this great branch of British industry against all the competitors which it has had to encounter, has tasked to the utmost the inventive genius and energies of all connected with it. The rival manufacturers in India, Europe, and America have put forth all their resources to impair or destroy the supremacy which England has established in the markets of the world. In almost all cases, not even excluding our own colonies and dependencies, these rivals, in addition to any natural advantages which they might possess, have been aided by the establishment of high protective tariffs. Fears have often been expressed that the lower wages for which the labourers of some other countries can work, may ultimately enable them to take the manufac ture out of our hands. In reply to this, it may perhaps
VI. 6-1