DICTIONARY 183 Under either system, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, whose dictionaries are so closely connected, would be widely separated. A wholly geographical arrangement would be inconvenient, especially in Europe. Any system, however, which attempts to arrange in a consecutive series the great network of languages by which the whole world is enclosed, must be open to some objections ; and the arrangement adopted in this list has produced some anomalies and dispersions which might cause inconveni ence if not pointed out. The old Italic languages are placed under Latin, all dialects of France under French (but Provengal as a distinct language), and Wallachian among Romanic languages. Low German and its dialects are not separated from High German. Basque is placed after Celtic ; Albanian, Gipsy, and Turkish at the end of Europe, the last being thus separated from its dialects and congeners in Northern and Central Asia, among which are placed the Kazan dialect of Tartar, Samoyed, and Ostiak. Accadian is placed after Assyrian among the Semitic languages, and Maltese as a dialect of Arabic ; while the Ethiopia is among African languages, as it seemed undesirable to separate it from the other Abys sinian languages, or these from their neighbours to the north and south. Circassian and Ossetic are joined to the first group of Aryan languages lying to the north-west of Persia, and containing Armenian, Georgian, and Kurd. The following is the order of the groups, some of the more important languages, that is, of those best provided with dictionaries, standing alone : EUROPE : Greek, Latin, French, Romance, Scandinavian, Teutonic (including English and German), Celtic, Lithu- anic, Slavonic, Ugrian, Turkish. ASIA : Semitic, Armenian, Persian, Sanskrit, Indian, Indo-Chinese, Indian Archipelago, Philippines, Chinese, Japanese, Northern and Central Asia. AFEICA: Egypt and Abyssinia, Eastern Africa, Southern, Western, Central, Berber. Australia and Polynesia. AMERICA : North, Central (with Mexico), South. EUROPE. Greek. Athenrcus quotes 35 writers of works, known or sup posed to be dictionaries, for, as they are all lost, it is often difficult to decide on their nature. Of these, Anticlides, who lived after the reign of Alexander the Great, wrote Er7y77Ti/c<5s, which seeins to have been a sort of dictionary, perhaps explaining the words and phrases occurring in ancient stories. Zenodotus, the first super intendent of the great library of Alexandria, who lived in the reigns of Ptolemy I. and Ptolemy II., wrote ruxra-ai, and also Aety tOviKal, a dictionary of barbarous or foreign phrases. Aristo phanes of Byzantium, son of Apelles the painter, who lived in the icigns of Ptolemy II. and Ptolemy III., and had the supreme man agement of the Alexandrian library, wrote a number of works, as ATTIKCU Ae |eis, hatcoviKal YxSxrffai, which, from the titles, should be dictionaries, but a fragment of his Ae|ets, printed by Boissonade, in his edition of Herodian (London, 1869, 8vo, pp. 181-9), is not alphabetical. Artemidorus, a pupil of Aristophanes, wrote a dic tionary of technical terms used in cookery. Nicander Colophonius, hereditary priest of Apollo Clarius, born at Glares, near Colophon, in Ionia, probably in reputation for 50 years, from 181 to 135, wrote r>ffffai in at least three books. Parthenius, a pupil of the Alexandrian grammarian Dionysius (who lived in the 1st century before Christ), wrote on choice words used by historians. Didymus, called xaAKeWepos, who, according to Athenseus, wrote 3500 books, and, according to Seneca, 4000, wrote lexicons of the tragic poets (of which book 28 is quoted), of the comic poets, of ambiguous words, and of corrupt expressions. Glossaries of Attic words were written by Crates, Philemon, Philetas, and Theodoras ; of Cretan, by Hermon or Hermonax ; of Phrygian, by Neoptolemus ; of 3?hodian, by Moschus ; of Italian, by Diodorus of Tarsus ; of foreign words, by Silenus ; of synonyms, by Simaristus ; of cookery, ny Heracleon ; and of drinking vessels, by Apollodorus of Cyrene. According to Suidas, the most ancient Greek lexicographer was Apollonius the sophist, son of Archibius. According to the common opinion, he lived in the time of Augustus at Alexandria, He com posed a lexicon of words used by Homer, Afety Ou.ypiKa.1, a very valuable and useful work, though much interpolated, edited by Villoison. from an MS. of the 10th century, Paris, 1773, 4to, 2 vols. ; and by Tollius, Leyden, 1788, 8vo ; ed. Bekker, Berlin, 1833, 8vo. Erotian or Herodian, physician to Nero, wrote a lexicon on Hippocrates, arranged in alphabetical order, probably by Bome copyist, whom Klein calls for "homo sciolus." It was first published in Greek in H. Stephani Dictionarium Medicum, Paris, 1564, 8vo ; ed. Klein, Lipsisc, 1865, 8vo, with additional fragments. Timaous the sophist, who, according to Kuhnken, lived in the 3<? century, wrote a very short lexicon to Plato, which, though much interpolated, is of great value, 1st ed. Huhuken, Leyden, 1754; ed. locupletior, Lugd. Bat. 1789, 8vo. ^Elius Mceris, called the Atticist, lived about A.D. 190, and wrote an Attic and Greek lexicon, 1st ed. Hudson, Oxf. 1712, 8vo. Julius Pollux ( louAios novSevK-ns) of Naucratis, in Egypt, died, aged 58, in the reign of Commodus (180-192), who made him professor of rhetoric at Athens. He wrote, besides other lost works, an Onomasticon in ten books, being a classed vocabulary, intended to supply all the words required by each subject with the usage of the best authors. It is of the greatest value for the knowledge both of language and antiquities. First printed by Aldus, Venice, 1500, fol. ; often afterwards ; ed. Lederlinus and Hemsterhuis, Amst. 1706, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Dindorf, Leip. 1824, 8vo, 5 vols. Harpocration of Alexandria, who lived in the 4th century, wrote a lexicon on the ten Attic orators, first printed by Aldus, Yen. 1503, fol. ; ed. Dindorf, Oxford, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols. from 14 MSS. Orion, a grammarian of Thebes, in Egypt, who lived between 390 and 460, wrote an etymological dictionary, printed by Sturz, Leipzig, 1820, 4to. Helladius, a priest of Jupiter at Alexandria, when the heathen temples there were destroyed by Theophilus in 389 or 391 escaped to Constantinople, where he was living in 408. He wrote an alphabetical lexicon, now lost, chiefly of prose, called by Photius the largest (iro^vtrrix^raTov) which he knew. Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alexandria, and priest of the Egyptian ape, fled to Constantinople with Helladius, and wrote a dictionary of words similar in sound but different in meaning, which has been often printed in Greek lexicons, as Aldus, 1497., Stephanus, and separately by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1739, 4to, 2 vols., and by others. Zenodotus wrote on the cries of animals, printed in Valckenaer s Ammonius; with this may be com pared the work of Viucentio Caralucci, Lexicon vocum quce a bnttis animalibus emittuntur, Perusia, 1779, 12mo. Hesychius of Alex andria, probably a heathen, who lived before 389, wrote a lexicon, important for the knowledge of the language and literature, con taining many dialectic and local expressions and quotations from other authors, 1st ed. Aldus, Yen. 1514, fol.; the best is Alberti and Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat. 1746-66, fol. 2 vols. ; collated with the MS. in St Mark s Library, Venice, the only MS., existing, by Niels Iversen Schow, Leipzig, 1792, 8vo; ed. Schmidt, Jena, 1867, 8vo. The foundation of this lexicon is supposed to have been that of Parnphilus, an Alexandrian grammarian, quoted by Athenjeus, which, according to Suidas, was in 95 books from E to ft ; A to A had been compiled by Zopirion. Photius, consecrated patriarch of Constantinople, 25th Dec. 857, living in 886, left a lexicon, partly extant, and printed with Zonaras, Lips. 1808, 4to, 3 vols., being vol. iii. ; ed. Naber, Leidse, 1864-5, 8vo, 2 vols. The most cele brated of the Greek glossaries is that of Suidas, of whom nothing is known. He probably lived in the 10th century. His lexicon is an alphabetical dictionary of words, including the names of per sons and places, a compilation of extracts from Greek writers, grammarians, scholiasts, and lexicographers, very carelessly and unequally executed. It was first printed by Demetrius Chalcon- dylas, Milan, 1499, fol.; the best edition, Bernhardy, Halle, 1853, 4to, 2 vols. John Zonaras, a celebrated Byzantine historian and theologian, who lived in the 12th century, compiled a lexicon, first printed by Tittmann, Lips. 1808, 4to, 2 vols. An anonymous Greek glossary, entitled ETv/xoAo-yiKbi /zeya, Etymologicum magnum, has been frequently printed. The first edition is by Musurus, Venitia, 1499, fol.; the best by Gaisford, Oxonii, 1848, lol. It contains many grammatical remarks by famous authorities, many passages of authors, and mythological and historical notices. The MSS. vary so much that they look like the works of different authors. Eudocia Augusta of Makrembolis, wife of the emperors Constantino XL and Romanus IV. (1059 to 1071), compiled a dictionary of history and mythology, called Iwvtd (bed of violets), first printed by D Ansse de Villoison, Anecdota Graca, Venetiis, 1781, 4to, vol. i. pp. 1-442. It was supposed to have been of much value before it was published. Thomas, Magister Officiorum under Andronicus Palreologus, afterward called as a monk Theodulus, rota f.Koyalovo/j.drwv ATT IKWV, printed by Calliergus, Romfe, 1817, 8vo. Papias, Vocabularium, Mediolani, 1476, fol. : Craston, an Italian Carmelite monk of Piacenza, compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, edited by Bonus Accursins, printed at Milan, 1478, fol.; Aldus, Venetiis, 1497, fol.: Guarino born about 1450 at Favora, near Camarino, who called himself both Phavorinus and Gamers, published his Thesaurus in 1504. These three lexicons were frequently reprinted. Estienne, Thesaurus, Genevae, 1572
fol. 4 vols; ed. Valpy, Lond. 1816-26, 8 vols. fol.; Paris, 1831-65