How far in the Eleusinian mysteries the ritual was strictly Greek or even strictly Aryan is a question of greater difficulty, and perhaps of greater interest It may, be enough here to say that the Iacchus or Dionysus who in the Eleusinian legend is the son of Demeter is preeminently a Theban god, and that to Thebes especially is traced the introduction from Asia of that orgiastic worship in which the frenzy of the worshippers denoted the irresistible impulses by which the decay and reproduction of the natural world are governed.
See Ouwarofi', Essai sur les mystéres d'Iz'leusis, Paris, 1816; Sainte Croix, Reckerches historiqms sur les mtg/stems du Paganisme, Paris, 1817, 2 vols.; l'rcller, Demeter and Persephone, Hamburg, 1837; Dbllinger, Harlem/tum mid J udenthum, iatisbon, 1857; A. Monnnsen, IIcortologie, Antiqzmrz'sche Untcrsuchlmgcn fiber die Stddtischen Feste dcr Athcner, Leipsic, 1864; F. Lenorlnant, Recherches Arcliéologiques a Eleusis exéculées zlmts le cours dc l'amtée 1860, Recueil dos inscriptimw, Paris, 1862; illolwgraphic de la voie sacre'e éleusinicmw, de ses monuments, et de ses souvenirs, tome i. 1864, and "Mémoire sur les representations qui avaicnt lieu dans le mystéres d'Elensis," in flIéuioz'rcs de l'Acad. cles Inscriptions, 1861; Grote, History of Greece, part i. chap. i. 1870; Cox, .Uythology of the Aryan Nations, book ii. chap. ii. section 12, 1870; Bernhard Schmidt, " Demeter in Eleusis und Herr F. Lenormant," in Rheim'sches illuseu'm, 1876; Brown, Dionysiak JIyth, chap. vi. sub-section 3, on the Eleusinian Ritual, 1877.
(g. w. c.)
ELEUSIS, a small city of Attica about fourteen miles north-west of Athens, occupying the eastern part of a rocky ridge close to the shore opposite the island of Salamis. Like most of the other cities of Greece, its origin is ascribed to various fabulous characters, and, among these, to Ogyges, a fact which at least proves it to be of the highest antiquity. In the earlier period of its history it seems to have been an independent rival of Athens, and it was afterwards reckoned one of the twelve Old Attic cities. A considerable portion of its small territory was occupied by the plains of Thria, noticeable for their fertility, though the hopes of the husbandmen were not unfrcquently disappointed by the blight of the south wind. To the west was the Campus Itharius, [ Greek ], or Rharian Plain, where Demeter is said to have sown the first seeds of corn; in the midst of the Campus was the [ Greek ], a well round which the Eleusinian matrons are said at first to have danced in honour of the goddess; and on its confines was the field called Orgas, planted with trees consecrated to Demeter and Proserpine. To the traveller approaching by the Sacred Way from the east the first building that presented itself was the temple of Triptolemus, the site of which is now occupied by the little church of St Zacharias; and next came a temple dedicated to Artemis Propylæa and Poseidon, constructed entirely of Pentelic marble. Entrance into the outer peribolos, or inclosure, of the great temple of the mysteries was obtained by means of a portico built in imitation of the propylæa of the Athenian citadel; into the inner peribolos by another dedicated by the consul Appius Claudius Pulcher, in 54 b.c., and executed by his nephew Claudius Pulcher and Marcius Rex. The temple itself, sacred to Demeter and Kora (Ceres and Proserpine), was considered one of the most beautiful productions of the genius of Greece. The original foundation is said to have been due to Pandion II., and Clemens Alexandrinus places it even 120 years earlier, in the reign of Lynceus. Its position and riches naturally exposed the temple to the attacks of the enemies of Attica; and, though defended by a strong fortress, it was seldom able to make any lengthened resistance. Cleomenes, king of Sparta, dared to violate its sacred precincts; but, if we may believe the Athenians, he was soon after seized with a retributive fit of madness. The Persians burnt it to the ground after the battle of Platæa; but scarcely had they retired from Greece, when the Athenians determined to rebuild it with more than its original magnificence. Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon, was ordered to draw up the plan of the new edifice. He adopted the Doric order of architecture, without the erection of pillars in front of the building. We know not whether he lived long enough to carry his plan into execution; but it was during the splendid administration of Pericles, and under the cultivated taste of Phidias, that the temple was completed in all its magnificence. The mystic cell ([ Greek ], [ Greek ], or [ Greek ]) was begun by Corœbus, but he lived only to finish the lower row of columns, with their architraves. Metageues, of the district of Xypete, added the rest of the entablatnre, and the upper row of columns. Xenocles of Cholarge built the dome on the top. A portico was long afterwards added by Demetrius Phalereus, who employed for that purpose the architect Philo. This magnificent structure continued to exist till the hordes of Alaric completed its overthrow in 396 a.d. The city disappeared on the destruction of the temple; and upon the site nothing is now found but a miserable village called Lefsina ([ Greek ]), or Lepsina, amidst the ruins of the sacred edifice. The coins of Eleusis are still common, representing Demeter drawn by dragons or serpents, and bearing the inscription [ Greek ] or [ Greek ] within a wreath of cars of corn. A colossal statue of the goddess, regarded by the inhabitants as their patroness and protectress, was removed to England in 1801, and is now preserved in Cambridge.
Plan of the Sacred Buildings of Eleusis.
(From the Inedited Antiquities of Attica.)
1. Temple of Artemis Propylæa. 2. Outer propylæon. 3. Inner propylæon. 4. Temple of Demeter. 5. Outer inclosure of the sacred buildings. 6. Inner inclosure.
ELEUTHEROPOLIS, an ancient city of Palestine, about 25 miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Gaza, identified by Robinson with the ruins at the modern village of Beit Jibrin. It is mentioned by Ptolemy under the older name of Baitogabra, and did not acquire the title of Eleutheropolis, or Free City, till the Syrian visit of the emperor Septimius Severus. In the time of Eusebius it was so well known that he uses it as a central point from which to measure the distances of more than 20 other towns. The year 796 saw its complete destruction; and it was still in ruins when the crusaders of the 12th century chose Bethgebrim, as they called it, as the site of one of their fortresses. After the battle of Hattin it was captured by the Saracens; and though King Richard of England again obtained possession, it finally fell into the hands of Bibars. The fortress and a fine old chapel still remain. According to a local tradition, it was at Eleutheropolis that the fountain rose from Samson's "jaw-bone of an ass." Epiphanius, a native of a neighbouring village, is frequently called an Eleutheropolitan.
