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the faith, and their decisions have been conceived in the following form: Si quis dixerit, &c. anathema sit.
There are two kinds of anathemas, the one judiciary, and the other abjuratory. The former can only be denounced by a council, a pope, or a bishop; the latter makes a part of the ceremony of abjuration, the convert being obliged to anathematize the heresy he abjures.
Anathema, in heathen antiquity, was an offering or present made to some deity, and hung up in the temple. Whenever a person left off his employment, it was usual to dedicate the tools to the patron-deity of the trade. Persons too who had escaped from imminent danger, as shipwreck and the like, or had met with any other remarkable instance of good fortune, seldom failed to testify their gratitude by some present of this kind.
Anathema likewise denotes Christian offerings, otherwise called donations. See Donations.
ANATHEMATIZING, the act of pronouncing an anathema against some person. See Anathema.
ANATICULA, little duck, in the ancient Roman customs, a term of fondness used by lovers.
ANATIFERA concha, the trivial name of a species of the lepas, a testaceous animal. See Lepas.
ANATOLIA, in geography, the same with Natolia. See Natolia.
ANATOMICAL, an epithet applied to any thing belonging to anatomy. See Anatomy.
ANATOMY.
ANATOMY is the art of dissecting the solid parts of animal bodies, with a view to discover their structure, connection, and uses.
Anatomy is not only the basis of all medical knowledge, but is a very interesting object to the philosopher and natural historian.
In treating this useful subject, we shall divide it into the following parts: I. Of the Bones. II. Of the Muscles. III. Of the Arteries. IV. Of the Veins. V. Of the Nerves. VI. Of such parts of the body as are not comprehended in any of the above, e.g. The Brain, Thorax, Abdomen, &c, &c.
PART I.
of the bones.
Sect I. Of the Bones in general.
Before we examine the structure of the bones, the periosteum, a membrane with which they are covered, must be described.
The periosteum can be divided into layers of fibres. The exterior ones, composed of the fibres of the muscles connected to the bones, vary in their number, size, and direction, and consequently occasion a very great difference in the thickness and strength of the periosteum of different bones. The internal layer is every where nearly of a similar structure, and has its fibres in the same direction with those of the bone to which they are contiguous.
Except where muscles, cartilages, or ligaments, are inserted into the periosteum, its external surface is connected to the surrounding parts by thin cellular membranes, which can easily by stretched considerably, but shorten themselves whenever the stretching force is removed.
When the periosteum is torn off from bones, we see a great number of white threads produced from that membrane in them; and after a successful injection of the arteries with a red liquor, numerous vessels are not only seen on the periosteum, but most of the fibres sent from the membrane to the bone shew themselves to be vessels entering it, with the injected liquor in them; and when they are broken, by tearing off the periosteum, the surface of the bone is almost covered with red points.
The great sensibility of this periosteum is the deep seated species of paronychia, in exostoses, todi, tophi, and gunmmata, from a lues venerea, or whenever this membrane is in an inflamed state, is a sufficient proof that it is well provided with nerves; though they are perhaps too small to be traced.
The chief uses of the periosteum are: 1. To allow the muscles, when they contract or are stretched, to move
