1922 SHORT NOTICES 151 liament with which the movement culminated in 1772. The appeal was for relief from subscription to creeds and articles, and this book gives new information as to the opposition of Burke which was fatal to the demand. It also shows how there was the same division as to the course of duty as in the Oxford case. Some, among them Lindsey and Evanson, vicar of Tewkesbury, and the only one of the group who is now remem- bered as the pioneer in England of ' higher criticism ' of the Gospels, seceded ; others thought it their duty to remain. One, William Frend, exactly anticipated the fortunes of W. G. Ward. He claimed to hold Unitarian doctrine while retaining his office, went to law, and was deprived of his degree and his tutorship, though on legal grounds he succeeded in retaining his fellowship. The seceders gave a new vigour to the com- munity they joined. The unitarianism of the English presbyterians was masked by their puritan antecedents. They made little use of the specific name ' Unitarian ', which indeed was dangerous, since such belief excluded its professors from the benefits of the Toleration Act. They had, in fact, glided almost insensibly from Calvinism into their new position, and still wore their old trappings. Their new consorts breathed a fresh life into unitarianism. Their chapel in Essex Street, Strand, the first ever opened in England for the avowed purpose of Unitarian worship, at once gained social importance. The duke of Grafton, who reformed his character after retiring from politics, was a regular member of the congregation, and the earl of Surrey, afterwards the eleventh duke of Norfolk, an occasional attendant. But the accession also brought a new spirit into unitarianism. Hitherto, in spite of the zeal of such men as Priestley, the temper had been that of a mild whiggery. Now, inspired by men who had cut themselves off from their whole past, the Unitarians threw themselves into the causes of the American and French revolutions, and prepared themselves for the influence, far exceeding that of their numbers, which they were to exercise upon English politics in the time of the Reform Bill. This book shows how deep a moral earnestness underlay the agitations of such men as Fyshe Palmer, himself a seceder and formerly a fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, whom Lindsey described as ' a second John Knox '. E. W. W. In The Senate and Treaties, 1789-1817 (New York : Macmillan, 1920), Mr. Ralston Hayden has made a lucid and interesting study of the part played by the senate in forming the foreign policy of the United States in these early years. The constitution vested the treaty-making power in the president, acting ' by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ', but did not define the manner in which the president and the senate were to co-operate in their common work. In this matter, as in so many others, Washington and his immediate successors were obliged to experi- ment, and the senate, too, had to feel its way until a procedure which guarded the constitutional powers of both and also worked efficiently in practice had been established. Should the president consult personally with the senate ? Washington made one attempt, but the result was not satisfactory. ' When Washington left the senate chamber he said he would be damned if he ever went there again.' Should the senate inquire in
