very general terms, in theory, but in this context we are specifically thinking about Muslim women in the Australian context" (T127:41-128:3).
148 It is immediately to be observed that Professor Reynolds stood by the general statement in her paragraph [34], and she did not limit it to being applicable only to Muslim women in the Australian context. There was also no follow-up question to suggest that her conclusions were limited to or based only on a consideration of Muslim women in the Australian context. She explained what she meant by "ingroup" and "outgroup." People can respond to the world around them as individuals or as group members. When someone sees themselves as part of the group, that is their ingroup – ingroup is used to mean a psychological group that is meaningful to the perceiver (T122:9-37). Outgroup is used with reference to some other group. Thus, ingroup favouritism can lead to favouring one's own group compared to other outgroups, but individuals may also engage in outgroup derogation which involves negative attitudes or behaviours towards members of other groups.
149 In my assessment, Professor Reynolds' evidence was unscathed in cross-examination. I accept her evidence.
Associate Professor Jennifer Wingard
150 Professor Wingard is an Associate Professor with tenure in the English Department at the University of Houston, Texas. She has been in that position since 2014. Prior to that, she was Assistant Professor in the same department. She has a PhD in Composition and Cultural Rhetoric from Syracuse University (2008).
151 Professor Wingard's areas of research generally focus on political and legal rhetoric, and more specifically on how politicians and news media use repetitive phrases and memes to impact public opinion and voting practices. Her scholarship draws from rhetorical scholars who see language use as more than persuasion and debate, but as central to how people come to understand and shape their lives.
152 Professor Wingard said that the phrase "go back to where you came from" has stood in for anti-immigrant sentiment in Western countries since nation-states began limiting immigration. It has been used to remind immigrants that they do not truly belong. For example, in July 2019 President Donald Trump told four junior Representatives who were critical of his policies to "go back to where they came from." That sparked a renewed discussion of US immigration policy, but also a backlash against Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York,
