154 PEDEEAL BEPOBTEB. �end. Pearl inserted a bearing in the middle of the bobbîn, which enabled him, as he said, to make a bobbin both light and strong, and one which could be employed with a short Bpindle; because the spindle might be eut off at this central bearing, "thus dispensing with much of the spindle which tends to cause vibration while it may be in revolution." If Pearl retained the old upper and lower bearing, or bushing, of the bobbin, his bobbin would have two chambers; but when his spindle was eut off and came to an end in the middle bearing, the upper bearing became a mere plug to strengthen the bobbin, and had no necessary connection with the spindle, or with any combination of which the spindle was a part. �The state of the art, and the acts of the rival inventors, bave been gone into at a very great length. �A ring spindle, though made of one piece of steel, îs prop- erly enough described as consisting of two parts, because it bas a bearing in the middle. The lower bearing, or step, supports the spindle at its lower end, while it is revolved in an npright position with great rapidity by the pull of the band which is passed round the "whirl," or double ring, which forms part of the "but" of the spindle. The upper bearing îs in the "bolster," and tends to keep the spindle firm and steady in its rotation. The part above the upper bearing ia called in the record the tip or blade, and that below, the but. The objeet of both the inventions in controversy here is to obtain a spindle and bobbin which can be run at a maximum of speed by a minimum of power. �Not long after Pearl's patent had been obtained, Sawyer applied for and received one. No. 113,575, April 11, 1871, for improvements in ring-spinning machines. He says that the objects of his invention are — "First, to reduee the weight of, and consequently the power required to drive, the spindles ; second, to secure greater steadiness of rotation for the spin- dle, thus enabling it to run at a higher speed than is cus- tomary, or to run more satisfactorily at any speed; and, third, to reduee the cost of constructing the machines." He then says: "The upper bearinge of spindles, as now generally ����
