320 The European Sky -God.
oak-trunk covered with votive armour/ and on his return to Rome triumphed in the character of the oak-Jupiter.^ A difficulty here occurs. For the trophy, which the Greeks describe as " an image of Zeus," ^ was by the Romans connected with Mars rather than with Jupiter ; * and the sacred spear kept in the Regia was deemed " an image of Mars " and addressed as " Mars." ^ This diffi- culty, however, is only apparent. I have elsewhere^ maintained that Mars was but a specialised form of Jupiter. His name Mars or Ma-vors means, according to Corssen, Bezzenberger, and Solmsen,^ the " Battle-turner," so that he would correspond in function to the Greek Zeus Tropaios'^ or the Oscan Jupiter Versor? As Jupiter Stator was the god who " stayed " the Romans from flight,^^ so Jupiter Mavors may have been the god who "routed" their foes. The evolution of Mavors as a separate deity can be precisely paralleled by that of Arcs, a Thracian development of Zeus ArciosP- Some of the most important cult-titles of Mars were born by Jupiter also. Thus throughout the Celtic area Mars is surnamed Lo7icetijts or Le?/cetms ; ^^ and we have already seen that Loucetius or Lucetius was an ancient Italian synonym of Jupiter.'^ Again, Mars was identified with Qiiiriniis}^ the "oak "-god ; and Jupiter himself was sometimes called
^Verg. Aen. ii. 5 ff. -Supra p. 307.
^Folk-Lore xv. 373 n. 25.
- Verg. Aeti. 11. 5 ft"., Claud, in Rufin. i. 339, cp. Babelon Monn. de la rep.
rom. i. 509, ii. 512.
^Varro ap. Clem. Alex, protr. 4. 46, Arnob. 6. II, Plut. vit. Rom. 29, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 3.
® Class. Rev. xviii. 372 f. and 375.
'See Solmsen Stud. 2. lat. LaiUgesch. p. 77 f. ^Preller- Robert p. 140.
^Roscher Lex. ii. 642. 10/^. 682 ff.
" See Preller-Robert pp. 140 f., 335, P. Gardner in Num. Chron. xx. 50.
^^ Roscher Lex. ii. 1982 f. ^^ Supra p. 261 f.
"According to Serv. in Verg. Aen. i. 292, 6. 860, Myth. Vat. 3. 11. 10, Quirinus was strictly the peaceful form of Mars.
