i8o The On'o/u of Exogamy and Tote7itism.
Kangaroo, Lizard, and other groups, kept, and transmitted to their children, their original group animal-names. But the children, though of different totem names, were pre- vented from intermarrying in local group Dingo by the ancient local exogamous prohibition, " no marriage within the local animal-named group." I then supposed all the totem groups within a given area to make siinultaneoKsly alliance and con^iubium in two phratries, each phratry under the captaincy, and bearing the name of, its most important totem-kin, say Black Cockatoo for one, and White Cockatoo for the other phratry. I was not aware that, as long ago as 1890, Mr. Washington Matthews, in TJie J oilrnal of American Folk-Lore (vol. iii., p. 1 10), had observed that the tendency of the Navahoes to name a phratry after one of its clans might end in the permanent and universal use of such a name for a phratry. This fact is stated by Mr. Frazer,^" but he is clearly unaware that, in Australia, the phratry names of many tribes are the names of a totem-kin in each phratry."^* I supposed the example to be imitated, borrowed, and diffused widely. But it was obvious that, in society before the phratriac arrangement, Eagle Hawk local group would contain many persons of totem names of descent also repre- sented in Crow local group. Yet the representatives of any totem never (except in Aruntadom) exist in both phratries. I had to assume that " the totems were therefore deliberately arranged so that one totem never appeared in both phratries." ^^ Deliberate arrangement in making the social organisation is much insisted on by Mr. Howitt, Mr. Frazer, and Mr. Spencer, but in this case the measure was rather elaborate and toilsome, and, on my present view, was super- fluous, for, on my new suggestion, the totem-kins automati- cally and necessarily fell each exclusively in one phratry or the other. Thus if, in making the phratry federation, you put Water Hen and Dingo into the same phratry, they
- ' Totcinism and Exogamy, vol. iii., pp. 243-4.
- The Secret of the Totem, pp. 154-70. ^'-^ Ibid., p. 173.
