Opinion of the Court
their scope the dissemination of false or misleading information with the intent to defraud. By sending emails he understood to contain material untruths, Lorenzo “employ[ed]” a “device,” “scheme,” and “artifice to defraud” within the meaning of subsection (a) of the Rule, §10(b), and §17(a)(1). By the same conduct, he “engage[d] in a[n] act, practice, or course of business” that “operate[d]… as a fraud or deceit” under subsection (c) of the Rule. Recall that Lorenzo does not challenge the appeals court’s scienter finding, so we take for granted that he sent the emails with “intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud” the recipients. Aaron, 446 U. S., at 686, n. 5. Under the circumstances, it is difficult to see how his actions could escape the reach of those provisions.
Resort to dictionary definitions only strengthens this conclusion. A “‘device,’” we have observed, is simply “‘[t]hat which is devised, or formed by design;’” a “‘scheme’” is a “‘project,’” “‘plan[,] or program of something to be done;’” and an “‘artifice’” is “‘an artful stratagem or trick.’” Id., at 696, n. 13 (quoting Webster’s International Dictionary 713, 2234, 157 (2d ed. 1934) (Webster’s Second)). By these lights, dissemination of false or misleading material is easily an “artful stratagem” or a “plan,” “devised” to defraud an investor under subsection (a). See Rule 10b–5(a) (making it unlawful to “employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud”); §17(a)(1) (same). The words “act” and “practice” in subsection (c) are similarly expansive. Webster’s Second 25 (defining “act” as “a doing” or a “thing done”); id., at 1937 (defining “practice” as an “action” or “deed”); see Rule 10b–5(c) (making it unlawful to “engage in a[n] act, practice, or course of business” that “operates… as a fraud or deceit”).
These provisions capture a wide range of conduct. Applying them may present difficult problems of scope in borderline cases. Purpose, precedent, and circumstance
