19:27, &c.; 29:10 now when Jacob had seen Rachel (בַּֽאֲשֶׁר רָאָה)..., Jacob went near, &c.; so also in clauses which express the completion or incompleteness of one action, &c., on the occurrence of another, as in Gn 24, 27, &c.; cf. § 164 b, with the note, and c.
[g] 2. To represent actions, events, or states, which, although completed in the past, nevertheless extend their influence into the present (in English generally rendered by the present):
(a) Expressing facts which were accomplished long before, or conditions and attributes which were acquired long before, but of which the effects still remain in the present (present perfect), e.g. ψ 10 הִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו he hath hidden his face (and still keeps it hidden); ψ 143 פֵּרַ֫שְׂתִּי I have spread forth my hands (and still keep them spread forth). This applies particularly to a large number of perfects (almost exclusively of intransitive[1] verbs, denoting affections or states of the mind) which in English can be rendered only by the present, or, in the case mentioned above under f, by the imperfect.[2] Thus, יָדַ֫עְתִּי I know (prop. I have perceived, have experienced) Jb 9, 10, לֹא יָדַ֫עְתִּי I know not Gn 4, &c.; on the other hand, e.g. in Gn 28, Nu 22, the context requires I knew not; זָכַ֫רְנוּ we remember Nu 11; מֵֽאֲנָה she refuseth Jb 6; עָלַץ it exulteth; שָׂמַ֫חְתִּי I rejoice 1 S 2; בִּקֵּשׁ he requireth Is 1; קִוִּ֫יתִי I wait Gn 49, ψ 130 (parallel with הוֹחָֽ֫לְתִּי); חָפַ֫צְתִּי I delight ψ 40 (mostly negative, Is 1, &c.); אָהַ֫בְתִּי I love Gn 27; שָׂנֵ֫אתִי I hate ψ 31; מָאַ֫סְתִּי I despise Am 5; תִּֽעֲב֫וּנִי they abhor me Jb 30; בָּטַ֫חְתִּי I trust ψ 25; חָסִ֫יתִי I put my trust ψ 31; צָדַ֫קְתִּי I am righteous Jb 34; פָּקַ֫דְתִּי I have decided to requite 1 S 15.—We may further include a number of verbs which express bodily characteristics or states, such as גָּדַ֫לְתָּ thou art great ψ 104; קָטֹ֫נְתִּי I am little Gn 32; גָּֽבְהוּ they are high Is 55; רָֽחֲקוּ they stand aloof Jb 30; טֹ֫בוּ they are goodly Nu 24; נָאווּ they are beautiful Is 52; זָקַ֫נְתִּי I am old Gn 18; יָגַ֫עְתִּי I am weary ψ 6; שָׂבַ֫עְתִּי I am full Is 1, &c.
[h] Rem. To the same category probably belong also the perfects after עַד־מָתַי Ex 10 how long hast thou already been refusing (and refusest still...? which really amounts to how long wilt thou refuse?), ψ 80, Pr 1 (co-ordinate with the imperf.), and after עַד־אָ֫נָה Ex 16, Hb 1.
[i] (b) In direct narration to express actions which, although really only in process of accomplishment, are nevertheless meant to be repre-
- ↑ With regard to the great but very natural preponderance of intransitive verbs (expressing an existing state), cf. the lists in Knudtzon (see above, p. 309, note 2), pp. 117 and 122 in the Danish text.
- ↑ Cf. novi, odi, memini; οἶδα, μέμνημαι, ἔοικα, δέδορκα, κέκραγα; in the New Testament, ἤλπικα, ἡγαπηκα.
