cursed, and thy intercourse with thy wife be only through it.”177 All the animals in the ark said Amen. And this is the reason why a mass of spittle runs from the mouth of the male raven into the mouth of the female during the act of copulation, and only thus the female is impregnated.178
Altogether the raven is an unattractive animal. He is unkind toward his own young so long as their bodies are not covered with black feathers,179 though as a rule ravens love one another.180 God therefore takes the young ravens under His special protection. From their own excrement maggots come forth,181 which serve as their food during the three days that elapse after their birth, until their white feathers turn black and their parents recognize them as their offspring and care for them.182
The raven has himself to blame also for the awkward hop in his gait. He observed the graceful step of the dove, and envious of her tried to emulate it. The outcome was that he almost broke his bones without in the least succeeding in making himself resemble the dove, not to mention that he brought the scorn of the other animals down upon himself. His failure excited their ridicule. Then he decided to return to his own original gait, but in the interval he had unlearnt it, and he could walk neither the one way nor the other properly. His step had become a hop betwixt and between. Thus we see how true it is, that he who is dissatisfied with his small portion loses the little he has in striving for more and better things.183
The steer is also one of the animals that has suffered a change in the course of time. Originally his face was entirely overgrown with hair, but now there is none on his nose,
