98 ARTISTS AND AUTHORS which his powerful pen proved its strength in defence of the weak against the oppression of civil and ecclesiastical tyranny. This part of his career provides the staple material for his eulogists, as it is not without genuine value. With the death of Louis XV., Voltaire evidently expected that he would be invited to return to Paris, but the government did not give him any encouragement. By the beginning of 1778 he had finished a tragedy entitled " Irene," and on February 10th he arrived in Paris after an ab- sence of twenty-eight years. Though not received very cordially by the minis- try, he was heartily welcomed by the Academy and all the foreign celebrities at the capital, among them the American minister, Dr. Benjamin Franklin, to whom he said " If I were only forty years old I would immediately go and set- tle in your happy country." An hour after Franklin left, the English ambassa- dor called, to whom he made himself equally agreeable. The prolonged excitement of the continuous attention paid him, at last brought on a severe illness. In order to secure the right of burial in consecrated ground he professed conversion. Recovering temporarily, he scoffed at himself, saying, " It is necessary for a man to die in the religion of his fathers. If I lived on the banks of the Ganges I should wish to die with a cow's tail in my hand." Before he died his secretary, Wagniere, entreated him to state precisely his " way of thinking " concerning religion. Voltaire asked for paper and ink and then wrote and signed the following, which is now to be seen in the National Library at Paris : " I die adoring God, loving my friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting superstition. Feb. 28th, 1 778. Voltaire." His play " Irene " was first given on March 16th. By the 30th of the month he was able to attend, and that night, in the theatre, received an ovation unequalled in history. Shortly after, his illness returned, in which he lingered until May 30, 1778, dying at the age of eighty-three years and six months. There was difficulty in securing a permit for his burial, and not until 1791 did his body find a resting- place in the Pantheon. As a dramatist he ranks next to Racine and Corneille, but as an epic poet he is a failure. His romances are probably the best evidences of his versatile and wonderful powers. They embody all the hate and really noble anger of his soul against the evils which were crushing the life of the French people. Their wit never fails, and they flash and sparkle with his matchless brilliancy of satire. As a writer of history he has never been regarded as possessing very great merit, for two reasons : First, he was totally lacking in any grasp of the philosophy of history; second, he was not careful as to accuracy in stating facts. His philosophical works are largely covert attacks upon the religious and ecclesi- astical systems of his day. These are interesting reading matter if one does not regard the absurdity of any permanent claims to physics or metaphysics which they contain. His criticisms and miscellaneous works reveal all the characteristics of his other writings pungent, witty, sharp ; indicating, however, more of the skill of the journalist than of the great author He has not left a single line which em-
