. 10 ARTISTS AND AUTHORS Athenian citizen, in consequence of the hostile feelings of the ^Eginetans, he was, conveyed away safely to Athens, about 386 b.c. It was at this period, about 386 b.c, that the continuous and formal public teaching of Plato, constituting as it does so great an epoch in philosophy, com- menced. But I see no ground for believing, as many authors assume, that he was absent from Athens during the entire interval between 39J9-386 b.c. The spot selected by Plato for his lectures or teaching was a garden adjoin- ing the precinct sacred to the hero Hecademus or Acedemus, distant from the gate of Athens called Dipylon somewhat less than a mile, on the road to Eleu- sis, toward the north. In this precinct there were both walks, shaded by trees, and a gymnasium for bodily exercise ; close adjoining, Plato either inherited or acquired a small dwelling-house and garden, his own private property. Here, under the name of the Academy, was founded the earliest of those schools of philosophy, which continued for centuries forward to guide and stimulate the speculative minds of Greece and Rome. We have scarce any particulars respecting the growth of the School of Ath- ens from this time to the death of Plato, in 347 b.c. We only know generally that his fame as a lecturer became eminent and widely diffused ; that among his numerous pupils were included Speusippus, Xenocrates, Aristotle, Demosthenes, Hyperides, Lycurgus, etc.; that he was admired and consulted by Perdiccas in Macedonia, and Dionysius at Syracuse ; that he was also visited by listeners and pupils from all parts of Greece. It was in the year 367-366 that Plato was induced, by the earnest entreaties of Dion, to go from Athens to Syracuse, on a visit to the younger Dionysius, who had just become despot, succeeding to his father of the same name. Dio- nysius II., then very young, had manifested some disposition toward philosophy and prodigious admiration for Plato, who was encouraged by Dion to hope that he would have influence enough to bring about an amendment or thorough re- form of the government at Syracuse. This ill-starred visit, with its momentous sequel, has been described in my " History of Greece." It not only failed com- pletely, but made matters worse rather than better ; Dionysius became violently alienated from Dion and sent him into exile. Though turning a deaf ear to Plato's recommendations, he nevertheless liked his conversation, treated him with great respect, detained him for some time at Syracuse, and was prevailed upon, only by the philosopher's earnest entreaties, to send him home. Yet in spite of such uncomfortable experience, Plato was induced, after a certain interval, again to leave Athens and pay a second visit to Dionysius, mainly in hopes of procur- ing the restoration of Dion. In this hope, too, he was disappointed, and was glad to return, after a longer stay than he wished, to Athens. The visits of Plato to Dionysius were much censured and his motives mis- represented by unfriendly critics, and these reproaches were still further embit- tered by the entire failure of his hopes. The closing years of his long life were saddened by the disastrous turn of events at Syracuse, aggravated by the discred- itable abuse of power and violent death of his intimate friend, Dion, which
