BRIEF OUTLINE OF INFLUENCE OF GREEK BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Christian Fathers, including St. Augustine, (354-430) — Teleological view of the human body. Abstractions from Galen: Oribasius (325-423). Paulus of Aegina (625-690), Alexander of Tralles (525-605), zealous Galenists. Hippocrates and Galen, in Arabic (almost slavish devotion) : Rhazes, (c. 850-c. 923), in theory a Galenist, in prac- tice, Hippocratic; Avicenna (980-1037); the "Canon," based on Galen; Avenzoar (Hispano-Arabic, c. 1072-1162), disciple of Galen ; Averroes (1126-1198), through whom Aristotelian science became known in Europe during the Middle Ages; shook some doctrines of Galen. Translations of Hippocrates and Galen, from Arabic into Latin: e.g. Constantine (monk at Monte Cassino) tio87, Gerard of Cremona, tii85, Mark of Toledo, c. 1200. No translation of Aristotle's Historia Animalium, or of the De Generatione Animalium, of Hippocrates' De Generatione, or of Theophrastus' De Plantis reached the earher Middle Age; knowledge of these works might have led to a rediscovery of Nature, centuries earlier, and would have altered the intellectual history of Europe. Learned revival of 13th century: translations, from the Arabic, but also from the Greek, of texts of Hippo-
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