208 APPENDIX. was both architect and sculptor at Epidaurus. Scopas built the temple at Tegea, as well as sculpturing the splendid pedimental groups. The most famous architect at the middle of the fourth century, Pythios, the master at Priene and Halicarnassus, was the sculptor of the magnificent chariot group which surmounted the Mausoleum. The more ancient and the great classical architects were, I should say, primarily sculptors. Later architects were primarily engineers. In Athens, Philon, the architect of the arsenal at the Pirsus, of which practically a complete specification has come down to us, was classed in later times as one of the seven great architects, and we have seen that Archimedes was also named as one of them. Earlier, Hippodamus, architect of the fortified town of Piraeus for Pericles and of the city of Rhodes, must have been an engineer. Later, Deinocrates, who laid out Alexandria, must also have been of this type.* As to their critical aspect toward their art we hear from Vitruvius how they wrote descriptions of their works and com- mentaries on architecture. Chersiphron, architect of the temple of Diana at Ephesus, wrote on it. Ictinos wrote on the Parthenon, and Pythios on the Mausoleum. Notwithstanding all this, Aristotle would not allow that architecture was a Fine Art — it was too much subject to mere need to come within his definition. For the Roman period Vitruvius himself has left an invalu- able document, although it is evident that the most essential commonplaces of procedure are assumed. He begins, indeed, by saying that architecture is a science based on practice and theory, but he neglects to say how practical knowledge was attained. He talks of studying philosophy, and of music and grammar, but never of learning building. On the other hand, he gives such sound advice that he must have been an excellent practical builder himself In one crucial passage he says that architecture has three branches, building, dialling, and mechanics, the latter being the construction of war-engines and other machines, in which he seems to have been an expert, as he was keeper of
- See long lists of sculptor-architects and engineer-architects in Darem-
berg and Saglio, vol. i., p. 377. From a phrase cited from Plato, it appears that an architect might cost ten times as much as an ordinary workman. As to plans, see Darem. and Sag., s.v. Forma.
