that the owner cannot waive the tort and sue in assumpsit.[1] Why should the fact that the seller was secretly acting in the owner's behalf enlarge the owner's rights as against a third person? The extraordinary character of the doctrine is still clearer when it is held that under a contract purporting to be made with the plaintiff and another jointly, the plaintiff may show that the two ostensible joint parties were agents for himself alone, and thus set up a several right in the teeth of the words used and of the ostensible transaction, which gave him only a joint one.[2]
Now, if we apply the formula of identification and say that the agent represents the person of the owner, or that the principal adopts the agent's name for the purposes of that contract, we have at once a formal justification of the result. I have shown that the power of contracting through agents started from the family, and that principal and agent were identified in contract as well as in tort. I think, therefore, that the suggested explanation has every probability in its favor. So far as Lord Holt is concerned, I may add that in Gurratt v. Cullum the agent was a factor, that a factor in those days always was spoken of as a servant, and that Lord Holt was familiar with the identification of servant and master. If he was the father of the present doctrine, it is fair to infer that the technical difficulty was consciously or unconsciously removed from his mind by the technical fiction. And the older we imagine the doctrine to be, the stronger does a similar inference become. For just in proportion as we approach the archaic stage of the law, the greater do we find the technical obstacles in the way of any one attempting to enforce a contract except the actual party to it, and the greater therefore must have been the need of a fiction to overcome them.[3]
The question which I have been considering arises in another form with regard to the admission of oral evidence in favor of or to charge a principal, when a contract has been made in writing, which purports on its face to be made with or by the alleged agent
- ↑ Berkshire Glass Co. v. Wolcott, 2 Allen (Mass.), 227.
- ↑ Spurr v. Cass, L. R. 5 Q. B. 656. See further, Sloan v. Merrill, 135 Mass. 17, 19.
- ↑ Cf. The Common Law, ch. x. and xi. "Unsere heutigen Anschauungen ... können sich nur schwer in ursprüngliche Rechtszustände hineinfinden, in welchen ... bei Contrahirung oder Zahlung einer Schuld die handelnden Subjecte nicht als personae fungibiles galten." Brunner, Zulässigkeit der Anwaltschaft im französ. etc. Rechte. (Zeitschr. für vergleich. Rechtswissenschaft.) Norcross v. James, 140 Mass. 188, 189.
