Page:Hill's manual of social and business forms.djvu/96

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doubled. Some writers use letters, and some figures, for reference.

Marks of Pronunciation.

For the purpose of giving inflection to certain words, or to designate the prolongation of occasional syllables in a word, the author frequently finds it convenient to use certain characters to denote such accents. To illustrate:

The Acute (á) gives the rising inflection; as

"Will you ríde?"

The Grave (à) the falling ; as

"Will you wálk or rìde."

The Circumflex (â) indicates the rising and falling inflection in the same syllable; as,

"Mâchine," Montreâl," etc.

The Macron (-) placed above a letter designates a full, long vowel sound; as

"Fāte" "Hōme." "Nōte." "Ēve," etc.

A Breve (~) denotes a short sound, when placed above a vowel; as

"Ă-dōre." "Glō-rĭ-oŭs."

The Diæesis (ä) is used for the purpose of dividing a diphthong, or syllable into two distinct syllables; as

"Avengëd." "Belovëd."

Also when two vowels come together, this character is sometimes used to show that they are not contracted into a diphthong; as

Coöperate." "Reïterate." "Reäppear."

The Cedilla (ç) is a mark placed under the c to denote that its sound is the same as the letter s; as

"Çhaise." "Façade."

The Tilde (ñ) placed over an n gives it the sound of ny; as

"Miñon." "Señor."

Marks Directing Attention.

The Index (☞) is used to call special attention to an important line or clause in the writing or printing , as:

"☞ Five per cent discount for cash."

The Asterism or Stars (⁂) is used to designate a general reference; as

"⁂ , The teacher should make frequent use of the black-board."

The Brace $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ is employed to unite two or more parts of speech or names that are brought into juxtaposition as

Gender	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Masculine.
Feminine,
Neuter.

Committee	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Wm. Smith.
John Brown.

A Paragraph (¶) is used by the author frequently to designate, in the middle of a sentence, when he re-reads his manuscript, those words that he wishes to have commence a paragraph. It shows where something new begins.

A Section (§) usually designates the smaller distinct parts of a book.

As references they are frequently used with numbers; thus:

"¶ 87. Wedding Ceremonies in Different Countries."
"§ 172. The Law of Usury in Different States."

Leaders (----) are employed to lead the eye from one portion of the page to another across blank space; as

1. London ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   123

2. Paris ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   84

3. New York ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   304

Underscoring.

Words and sentences that the writer desires should be emphatic, are designated by lines drawn beneath the words that are to be emphasized. Thus one line indicates italics; two lines, small capitals; three lines, LARGE CAPITALS; four lines, ITALIC CAPITALS.

The words

"To arms! to arms!! to arms!!! they cry,"

Underscored will appear in print thus— "To arms! to arms!! TO ARMS!!! they cry."

"Upward and upward we went! gradually the scene grew more and more entrancing! until at length, faster, RICHER, WILDER, GRANDER the weird objects came and went, fading away at last in the long dim distance."