back successful realization of its schemes. For illustration, take the question of track: "The granite and iron rail; the wood and iron on stone blocks; the wood and iron on wooden sleepers, supported by broken stone; the same supported by longitudinal ground-sills, worked to a surface on one side to receive the iron, and supported by wooden sleepers; and the wrought iron rails of the English mode; had all been laid down, and as early as the year 1832, formed different portions of the work."[1] With the advent of the locomotive the light coach wheels were replaced by cast-iron wheels "to the perfection of which Ross Winans, John Elgar, Jonathan Knight, and Phineas Davis all contributed."[2] In 1832, steel springs were placed upon a new locomotive "York"—built at York, Pennsylvania—and soon springs were placed on all engines and cars. The discovery of the advantage of combined cylindrical and