still lingers as Erbil.[1] South of this was Shimurrum, at modern Altun Köprü, the main crossing of the Lower Zab River.[2] South of this again was Harshe, perhaps the Hurshitum of the Babylonians, at the village known today as Tuz Khurmatli.[3] In the mountains east of Kirkuk, Kimash once more became turbulent. Remnants of the Lullubi banded together within the central Zagros, and the adjacent land Ganhar proved that it too could be troublesome. Farther south Marhashi, known in Akkadian as Barahshi, began once more to rear its head; and in her low plain it would seem that even Susa declared for independence. Northeast of Elam a self-reliant state arose in Anshan; and in Simash, a land perhaps not far distant, which had sent tribute to Puzur-Inshushinak, the ruler Girnamme founded a new dynasty.[4] Any Babylonian sovereign who would bring unity to the Near East must subdue many of these city-states; the effort would demand constant warfare and recourse to numerous political intrigues.
The Babylonian ruler who overthrew the Guti was himself subjected by Ur-Nammu (2290 b.c.),[5] who founded the Third Dynasty of Ur. His successor,
- ↑ Sayce in PSBA, XXI (1899), 21, n. 2.
- ↑ See above, p. 33.
- ↑ See below, p. 60.
- ↑ Named on the same tablet which lists the kings of Awan, published by Scheil in RA, XXVIII (1931), 1–8, now in Mém., XXIII, iv.
- ↑ In an unpublished study Professor Olmstead has solved many of the chronological difficulties in the periods which follow. I am greatly indebted to him for permission to employ the new dates in this manuscript.
