334 HISTORY OF GEEECE. are not more applicable to the epic narrative than they would be to the exploits of Amadis or Orlando. There is every reason for presuming that the Hium visited by Xerxes and Alexander was really the " holy Ilium" present to the mind of Homer ; and if so, it must have been inhabited, either by Greeks or by some anterior population, at a period earlier than that which Strabo assigns. History recognizes neither Troy the city, nor Trojans, as actually existing ; but the extensive region called Troas, or the Troad (more properly Troi'as), is known both to Herodotus and to Thucydides : it seems to include the territory westward of an imaginary line drawn from the north- east corner of the Adramyttian gulf to the Propontis at Parium, since both Antandrus, Kolonae, and the district immediately round Ilium, are regarded as belonging to the Troad. 1 Herodo- tus further notices the Teukrians of Gergis 2 (a township conter- minous with Ilium, and lying to the eastward of the road from Ilium to Abydus), considering them as the remnant of a larger Teukrian population which once resided in the country, and which had in very early times undertaken a vast migration from Asia into Europe. 3 To that Teukrian population he thinks that the Homeric Trojans belonged : 4 and by later writers, especially by Virgil and the other Romans, the names Teukrians and Tro- jans are employed as equivalents. As the name Trojans is not mentioned in any contemporary historical monument, so the point of view of a general (see an interesting article by Mr. G. C. Lewis, in the Classical Museum, vol. i. p. 205, " Napoleon on the Capture of Troy"). Having cited this criticism from the highest authority on the art of war, we may find a suitable parallel in the works of distinguished publicists. The attack of Odysseus on the Ciconians (described in Homer, Odyss. ix. 39-61 ) is cited both by Grotius (De Jure Bell, et Pac. iii. 3, 10) and by Vattel (Droit des Gens, iii. 202) as a case in point in international law. Odysseus is con sidered to have sinned against the rules of international law by attacking them as allies of the Trojans, without a formal declaration of war. 1 Compare Hcrodot. v. 24-122; Thucyd. i. 131. The 'lAtuf ytj is a part of the Troad. 8 Herodot. vii. 43. 3 Herodot. v. 122. dhe /zev Ai'o^caf navraf, oaoi TJJV 'IXtuda yfjv VCUOVTOI, flAe 6e Tepyidas, roiif u7ro/l0i?Ef raf ~(Jv upxaiuv TevKpuv. For the migration of the Teukrians and Mysians into Europe, see Herodot ii. 20; the Paeonians, on the Strymon, called themselves their descendants 4 Herodot. ii. 118; v. 13.
