INCREASING TENDENCY 1 COOPERATION. 461 arch the only tribe officer for infantry, as the phylarch was for cavalry, under the general-in-chief. Moreover, orders from the general were proclaimed to the line collectively by a herald of loud voice, not communicated to the taxiarch so as to make him responsible for the proper execution of them by his division. With an arrangement thus perfunctory and unsystematized, we shall be surprised to find how well the military duties were often performed: but every Greek who contrasted it with the symmet- rical structure of the Lacedaemonian armed force, and with the laborious preparation of every Spartan for his appropriate duty, felt an internal sentiment of inferiority, which made him willing- ly accept the headship of " these professional artists in the busi- ness of war," * as they are often denominated. It was through the concurrence of these various circumstances that the willing acknowledgment of Sparta as the leading state of Hellas became a part of Grecian habitual sentiment, during the interval between about 000 B. c. and 547 B. c. During this period too, chiefly, Greece and her colonies were ripening into a sort of recognized and active partnership. The common religious assemblies, which bound the parts together, not only acquired greater formality and more extended development, but also became more numerous and frequent, while the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games were exalted into a national im- portance, approaching to that of the Olympic. The recognized superiority of Sparta thus formed part and parcel of the first his- torical aggregation of the Grecian states. It was about the year 547 B. c., that Croesus of Lydia, when pressed by Cyrus and the Persians, solicited aid from Greece, addressing himself Leg. c. 53, p. 300 R. ; Lysias, pro Mantitheo, Or. xvi. p. 147 ; Demosth. adv BiEOtum pro nomine, p. 999 It. Philippic, i. p. 4". See the advice given by Xenophon (in his Treatise De Officio Magistri Equitum) for the remodelling of the Athenian cavalry, and for the introduc- tion of small divisions, each with its special commander. The division into tribes is all that he finds recognized (Off. M. E. C. ii. 2-iv. 9) ; he strongly recommends giving orders, fiia. Kapayy&oeuc, and not UTT& Kypvuof. 1 Plutarch, Pelopid. c. 23. UUVTUV uKpot re^vlrat /cat aotyia-al TUV irofa- ttKuv ovTef ol SirapnuTai, etc. (Xenoph. Rep. Lac. c. 14) fjyrjaalo uv, rotif (iev u/Mcwf avToa%6iaaTu elvai ruv arpariuriKuv, A.aKE6aip.oviovg 6e fiovov^ 7<p OVTI TexviTaf TUV TrofapcKuv *i2<rre T&V deofiivuv Yiyveirdai ovdh L oi'dsv yap inrpoaKeTTTov ianv.
