CONTEXTS. X, Herodotus. Thebes and Upper Egypt of more importance in early times than Lower Egypt, but not so in the days of Herodotus. Egyp- tian castes or hereditary professions. Priests. The military order. Different statements about the castes. Large town population of Egypt. Profound submission of the people. Destructive toil imposed by'the great monuments. Worship of animals. Egyptian kings taken from different parts of the country. Relations of Egypt M-ith Assyria. Egyptian history not known before Psammetichus First introduction of Greeks into Egypt under Psammetichus stories connected with it. Importance of Grecian mercenaries to the Egyptian kings caste of interpreters. Opening of the Kanopic branch of the Nile to Greek commerce Greek establishment at Naukratis. Discontents and mutiny of the Egyptian military order. Nekos son of Psammetichus his active operations. Defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemisch. Psammis, the son of Nckos. Apries. Amasis dethrones Apries by means of the native soldiers. He encourages Grecian commerce. Important factory and religious establishment for the Greeks at Naukra- tis. Prosperity of Egypt under Amasis. Appendix, on the Egyptian chronology given by Manetho, as explained by M. Boeckh 308-342 CHAPTER XXI. DECLINE OF THE PHENICIANS. GROWTH OF CARTHAGE. Decline of the Phenicians growth of Grecian marine and commerce. - Effect of Phenicians, Assyrians, and Egyptians on the Greek mind. The alphabet. The scale of money and weight. The gnomon and the division of the day. Carthage. Era of Carthage. Dominion of Carthage. Dido. First known collision of Greeks and Carthaginians -Massalia. Amicable relations between Tyre and Carthage. . 342-348 CHAPTER XXII. WESTERN COLONIES OF GREECE IN EPIRUS, ITALY, SICILY, AND GAUL. Early nnauthenticated emigration from Greece. Ante- Hellenic population of Sicily Sikels Sikans Elymi Phenicians. (Enotria Italia. Pelasgi in Italy. Latins (Enotrians Epirots ethnically cog- nate. Analogy of languages Greek, Latin, and Oscan. Grecian colonization of ascertained date in Sicily commences in 735 B. c. Cum in Campania earlier date unknown. Prosperity of Cutnae between 700-500 B. c. Decline of Cumaj from 500 n. c. Revolution despotism of Aristodemus. Invasion of Cumse by Tuscans and Sam- nites from the interior. Rapid multiplication of Grecian colonies in Sicily and Italy, beginning with 735 B. c. Foundation of Naxos in Sicily by Theokles. Spot where the Greeks first landed in Sicily memorable afterwards. Ante-Hellenic distribution of Sicily Founda- tion of Syracuse. Leontini and Katana. Megara in Sicily. Gela. Zankle, afterwards Messene (Messina). Sub-colonies Akra Kas- inenae, Kamarina, etc. Agrigentum, Selinns, Himera, etc. Prosperity of the Sicilian Greeks. Mixed character of the population. Peculiarity of the monetary and statical system, among the Sicilian and Italian
