FACTITIOUS BROTHERHOOD. f>? had its own sacred rites and funereal commemoration of ancestors, celebrated by the master of the house, to which none but mem- bers of the family were admissible : the extinction of a family, carrying with it the suspension of these religious rites, was held by the Greeks to be a misfortune, not merely from the loss of the citizens composing it, but also because the family gods and the manes of deceased citizens were thus deprived of their honors, 1 and might visit the country with displeasure. The larger associ- ations, called gens, phratry, tribe, were formed by an extension of the same principle, of the family considered as a religious brotherhood, worshipping some common god or hero with an ap- propriate surname, and recognizing him as their joint ancestor; and the festivals Theoenia and Apaturia 2 the first Attic, the rf/v TTar/ui/v if cKnaideKarov tfeov. Again, yevtrfi.oyrianvTi. iuvrdv, ical uva- Sl/aav-L if iKKaidenarov deov. The Attic expression, uyxiareia iepiJv a? 6aiuv, illustrates the intimate association between family relationship and common religious privileges. Isacus, Orat. vi, p. 89, ed. Bek. 1 Isseus, Or. vi, p. 61 ; ii, p. 38 ; Demosth. adv. Makartatum, pp. 1053- 1075; adv. Lcochar. p. 1093. Respecting this perpetuation of the family sacred rites, the feeling prevalent among the Athenians is much the same as what is now seen in China. Mr. Davis observes : " Sons arc considered in this country, where the power over them is so absolute through life, as a sure support, as well as a probable source of wealth and dignities, should they succeed in learning. But the grand object is, the perpetuation of the race, to sacrifice at the family tombs. Without sons, a man lives without honor or satisfaction, and dies unhappy ; and as the only remedy, he is permitted to adopt the sons of his younger brothers. " It is not during life only, that a man looks for the service of his sons. It is his consolation in declining years, to think that they will continue the performance of the prescribed rites in the hall of ancestors, and at the family tombs, when he is no more : and it is the absence of this prospect which makes the childless doubly miserable. The superstition derives influence from the importance attached by the government to this species of posthu- mous duty : a neglect of which is punishable, as we have seen, by the laws Indeed, of all the subjects of their care, there are none which the Chinese so religiously attend to as the tombs of their ancestors, conceiving that any neglect is sure to be followed by worldly misfortune." (The Chinese, by John Francis Davis, chap, ix, pp. 131-134. ed. Knight, 1840.) Mr. Mill notices the same state of feeling among the Hindoos. (History of British India, book ii. chap. vii. p. 381, ed. 8vo.)
- Xeuoph. Hi-lien, i, 5, 8; Hcrodot i, 147- Snidas, 'ATurwpta Zi<
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