SUBVERSION OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRV:. 223 together with large expulsions of citizens obnoxious to his new dekarchies, signalized everywhere the substitution of Spartac for Athenian ascendency. 1 But nowhere, except at Samos, did the citizens or the philo- Athenian party in the cities continue any open hostility, or resist by force Lysander's entrance and his revolutionary changes. At Samos, they still held out : the people had too much dread of that oligarchy, whom they had expelled in the insurrection of 412 B.C., to yield without a farther struggle. 5 With this single reserve, every city in alliance or dependence upon Athens submitted without resistance both to the supremacy and the subversive measures of the Lacedaemonian admiral. The Athenian empire was thus annihilated, and Athens left altogether alone. What was hardly less painful, all her kleruchs, or out-citizens, whom she had formerly planted in JEgina, Melos, and elsewhere throughout the islands, as well as in the Cher- sonese, were now deprived of their properties and driven home. 3 1 Plutarch, Lysand. c. 13. 7roA?.a?f Trapayivofievoc atrdc aQayalf nal cv- VEKfiuMuV T0t)f TUV <jtl?iUV l9pOt)f, etC.
- Xenoph. Hellen. ii, 2, 6. evtivf 6e nal fj u.A7.r] 'EAAuf ufaicTtjKet. 'A$j;-
valuv, 7r/.^> Sajiiuv OVTOI df, a^ayaf TUV yvupifj.uv KOiyaavref, I interpret the words c$a-/af TUV yvapipuv iroiTjaai>T<; to refer to the violent revolution at Samos, described in Thucyd. viii, 21, whereby the oligarchy were dispossessed and a democratical government established. The word ovpayac is used by Xenophon (Hellen. v, 4, 14), in a subsequent passage, to describe the conspiracy and revolution effected by Pelopidas and his friends at Thebes. It is true that we might rather have expected the preterite participle Trerroj^Korec than the aorist iroiijaavref. But tlm employment of the aorist participle in a preterite sense is not uncom mon with Xenophon : sec narriyopTiaar, (fofoc, i, 1, 31 ; yevofievovf, i, 7, II j ii. 2, 20. It appears to me highly improbable that the Samians should have chosen this occasion to make a fresh massacre of their oligarchical citizens, as Mr. Mitford represents. The democratical Samians must have been now hum- bled and intimidated, seeing their subjugation approaching ; and only de- termined to hold out by finding themselves already so deeply compn.mised though the former revolution. Nor would Lysander have spared them per sonally afterwards, as we shall find that he did, when he had them substan- tially in his power (ii, 3, 6), if they had now committed any fresh political massacre. 3 Xenoph. Memorat ii, 8, 1 ; ii, 10, 4; Xcn>ph. Sympos. iv, 31. Com rare Pcmosthen. cont J icptin. c. 24, p. 491.
