520 HISTORY OF GREECE. pose this we find affirmed, and there is no reason for disbeliev- ing it. 1 Such dissolving forces smoothed the way for an efficient find admirable army, organized, and usually commanded, by him- self. Its organization adopted and enlarged the best processes of scientific warfare employed by Epaminondas and Iphikrates. 2 Begun as well as completed by Philip, and bequeathed as an en- gine ready-made for the conquests of Alexander, it constitutes an epoch in military history. But the more we extol the genius of Philip as a conqueror, formed for successful encroachment and aggrandizement at the expense of all his neighbors the less can we find room for that mildness and moderation which some au- thors discover in his character. If, on some occasions of his life, such attributes may fairly be recognized, we have to set against them the destruction of the thirty-two Greek cities in Chalkidike and the wholesale transportation of reluctant and miserable fami- lies from one inhabitancy to another. Besides his skill as a general and a politician, Philip was no mean proficient in the Grecian accomplishments of rhetoric and letters. The testimony of JEschines as to his effective powers of speaking, though requiring some allowance, is not to be rejected. Isokrates addresses him as a friend of letters and philosophy ; a reputation which his choice of Aristotle as instructor of his son Alexander, tends to bear out. Yet in Philip, as in the two Dio- nysii of Syracuse and other despots, these tastes were not found inconsistent either with the crimes of ambition, or the licenses of inordinate appetite. The contemporary historian Theopompus, a 1 Theopomp. Frag. 249; Theopompus ap.Polybium, viii. 11. u6iKUTa.Toi> <5e not KaKOTrpa-yfiovearaTOV nepl rilf TUV Qihuv KOI ovfiftaxuv KaraoKEvaf, rr/lefoTa? 61 Tro/leif i^vdpanodia/nevov Kal Trenpa^iKOTnjKOTa peru Sohov Kai fli'af, etc. Justin, ix. 8. Pausanias, vii. 7, 3 ; vii. 10, 4 ; viii. 7, 4. Diodor. xvi. 54. The language of Pausanias about Philip, after doing justice to his great conquests and exploits, is very strong of ye Kal opKovf i?ecJj> Kareirurijaev uel, Kal awovduf ETTI vavri tyevaa-o, JTIGTIV rs ijTifiaas fj.u2.iaTa avQpuxuv, etc. By such conduct, according to Pausanias, Philip brought the divine wrath both upon himself and upon his race, which became extinct with the next generation.
- A striking passage occurs, too long to cite, in the third Philippic of
Demosthenes (p. 123-124) attesting the marvellous stride made by Philip in the art and means of effective warfare.
