52 HISTORY OF GREECE. Syracusans, over whom he ruled, enjoyed no such c Mnpensation for that which they suffered from his tax-gatherers from hia garrison of Gauls, Iberians, and Campanians, in Ortygia from his spies his prison and his executioners. Nor did Syracuse suffer alone. The reign of the elder Diony- sius was desolating for the Hellenic population generally, both of Sicily and Italy. Syracuse became a great fortress, with vast military power in the hands of its governor, " whose policy ] it was to pack all Sicily into it ;" while the remaining free Hellenic communities were degraded, enslaved, and half depopulated. On this topic, the mournful testimonies already cited from Lysias and Isokrates, are borne out by the letters of the eye-witness Plato. In his advice, given to the son and successor of Dionysius, Plato emphatically presses upon him two points : first, as to the Syra cusans, to transform his inherited oppressive despotism into the rule of a king, governing gently and by fixed laws ; next, to re- constitute and repeople, under free constitutions, the other Hellen- ic communities in Sicily, which at his accession had become nearly barbarised and half deserted. 2 The elder Dionysius had imported 1 See the citation from Plato, in a note immediately preceding. 4 Plato, Epistol. iii. p. 315 E. (to the younger Dionysius). Qaai 6' ovu hiyetv ae irpoc Tiva$ r&v Ttapa as 7rpea(3ev6v~uv, <jf upa aov TTOTS os uKovaaf eyu jJ.t A/loyrof ruf re 'EAA^vtdaf rroActf ev 2i- lni^eLv, /cat 2 vpaKovaiovf kn IKOV <j>iaai, rijv upxqv uvrl rvpavviSof elf fiaaiheiav fteTaarf/aavra, ravr* upa ae ftfv TOTE die/cij- Tivaa, aov a<j>6dpa irpofivnov/tlvov, vvv de kiuva difiuaKoipi 6pg.v O.VTU. ravra, Kdl rolf 6iavoT)fi.aaL TOIC coif TTJV aqv up^ijv uQatpov/iedd ae. Ibid. p. 319 C. M)J (ie fitupaMe Xeywv, wf OVK eluv ae no^eif 'EP.A^wdaf tppoiiaae VK& (Hapftupuv O'IK'I&IV, ovde Svpaicovaiovf emuovQiaat. . . . .uf e-/u (iev I'Kehevov , ai) d' OVK ^iJe/lff w par T e iv avru . Again, see Epistol. vii. p. 331 F. 332 B. 334 D. 336 A.-D and the brief notice given by Photius (Codex, 93) of the lost historical works of Arriaa, respecting Dion and Timoleon. Epistol. viii. p. 357 A. (What Dion intended to do, had he not been prevented by death) Kal (IETU. ravra 2i/c/U'ov uv TJJV u/.^rjv KaryKiaa, rot)f [J.ev papflapovf TJV vvv Ixovatv a<j>e2.6f*evof, 5aoi /tzi) iiirep rye KOivfif ehev&e piaf dteirohe (ir/aav trpbf ryv -vpav- vida, rove 6' efnrpoa'&EV oiKijTuf TUV 'EA3.J? v IKU v TOTTUI tie r f up^alaf Kal ffarp^af oiKfjoeie KaToiKiaat;. Com pare Plutarch. Timoleon, c 2. a2 6e irT.elarai Tro/letf vvrd flapfiupuv ULVU Jwv Kal OTpariuT&v upiaduv
