CONTENTS. ^ Persians at sea: their imprudence in letting Alexander cross the Helles- pont unopposed. — Persian force assembled in Phrygia, under Arsites and others. — Advice of Mcmnon, to avoid fighting on land, and to em- ploy the fleet for aggressive warfare in Slacedonia and Greece. — Arsites rejects Memnon's advice, and determines to fight. — The Persians take post on the river Granikus. — Alexander reaches the Granikus, and re- solves to force the passage at once, in spite of the dissuasion of Parme- nio. — Disposition of the two armies. — Battle of the Granikus. — Cav- alry battle. — Personal danger of Alexander. His life saved by Kleitus. Complete victory of Alexander. Destruction of the Grecian infantry on the side of the Persians. — Loss of the Persians — numbers of their lead- ing men slain. — Small loss of the Macedonians. — Alexander's kind- ness to his wounded soldiers, and severe treatment of the Grecian pris- oners. — Unskilfulness of the Persian leaders. Immense impression produced by Alexander's victory. — Terror and submission of the Asiat- ics to Alexander. Surrender of the strong fortress of Sardis. — He .narches from Sardis to the coast. Capture of Ephesus. — He finds the nrst resistance at Miletus. — Near approach of the Persian fleet. Mem- non is made commander-in-chief of the Persians. — The Macedonian fleet occupies the harbor of Miletus, and keeps out the Persians. Alex- ander declines naval combat. His debate with Parmenio. — Alexander besieges Miletus. Capture of the city. — The Persian fleet retires to Halikarnassus. Alexander disbands Iiis own fleet. — March of Alexan- der to Halikarnassus. Ada queen of Karia joins him. Strong garrison, and good defensive preparation, at Halikarnassus. — Siege of Halikar- nassus. Bravery of the garrison, under Ephialtes the Atlienian. — Des- perate sally of Ephialtes — at first successful, but repulsed — he himself is slain. — Memnon is forced to abandon Halikarnassus, and withdraw the garrison by sea, retaining only the citadel. Alexander enters Hali- karnassus. — Winter campaign of Alexander along the southern coast of Asia Minor. — Alexander concludes his winter campaign at Gordium. Capture of Kelsena. — Appendix on the Macedonian Sarissa. 49-104 CHAPTER XCIII. ■ECOND AND THIRD ASIATIC CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER — BATTLE OP ISSUS SIEGE OF TTRE. Alexander cuts the Gordian knot. — He refuses the liberation of the Athe- nian prisoners. — Progress of Memnon and the Persian fleet — they ac- quire Chios and a large part of Lesbos — they besiege Mitylene. Death of Memnon. Capture of Mitylene. — Hopes excited in Greece by the Persian fleet, but ruined by the death of Memnon. — Memnon's death an irreparable mischief to Darius. — Change in Darius's plan caused by this event. He resolves to take the offensive on land. His immense land- force. — Free speech and sound judgment of Charidemus. He is put to death by Darius. — Darius abandoned Memnon's plans, just at the time when he had the best defensive position for executing them with eflPect. — Darius recalls the Grecian mercenaries from the fleet. — Criticism of Arrian on Darius's plan. — March of Alexander from Gordium through Paphlagonia and Kappadokia. — He arrives at the line of Mount Tau- rus — difficulties of 'he pass. — Conduct of Arsames, the Persian satrap
