xvi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XCVIII. ODTLTINO HELLENIC CITIES. — 1. IN GAUL AKD SPAIN. 2, OX TUB COAST OF THE EUXIXE. Rlassiilia — its situation and circumstances. — Colonies planted by Mas- salia — Antipolis, Nil:£ea, Khoda, Emporifc — peculiar circumstance^ of Emporiffi. — Oligarchical government of Massalia — prudent political administration. — Hellcnizing influence of Massalia in the West — Py- theas, the navigator and geographer. — Pontic Greeks — Pentapolis on the south-west coast. — Sinope — its envoys present with Darius in his last days — maintains its independence for some time against the Mith- ridatic princes — but becomes subject to them ultimately — The Pontic Herakleia — oligarchical government — the native IMariandyni reduced to serfs. — Political discord at Herakleia — banishment of Klearclius — partial democracy established. — Continued political troubles at Herak- leia — assistance invoked from without. — Character and circumstances of Klearchus — he makes himself despot of Herakleia — his tyranny and cruelty. — He continues despot for twelve years — he is assassinated at a festival. — Satyrus becomes despot — his aggravated cruelty — his military vigor. — Despotism of Timotheus, just and mild — his energy and abilitj'. — Despotism of Dionysius — his popular and vigorous government — his prudent dealing with the Macedonians, during the absence of Alexander in the East. — lleturn of Alexander to Susa — he is solicited by the Herakleotic exiles — danger of Dionysius, averted by the death of Alexander. — Prosperity and prudence of Dionysius — he marries Amastris — his favor with Antigonus — his death. — Amastris governs Herakleia — marries Lysimachus — is divorced from him — Klearchus and Oxathres kill Amastris — are killed by Lysi- machus. — Arsinoe mistress of Herakleia. Defeat and death of Lysi- machus. Power of Seleukus. — Herakleia emancipated from the des- pots, and a popular government established — recall of the exiles — bold bearing of the citizens towards Seleukus — death of Seleukus. — Situation and management of Herakleia as a free government — con- siderable naval power. — Prudent administration of Herakleia, as a free city, among the powerful princes of Asia Minor — general condi- tion and influence of the Greek cities on the coast. — Grecian Penta- polis on the south-west of the Euxine — Ovid at Tomi. — Olbia — in the days of Herodotus and Ephorus — increased numbers, and mul- tiplied inroads of the barbaric hordes. — Olbia in later days — decline of security and production. — Olbia pillaged and abandoned — after- wards renewed. — Visit (f Dion the Rhetor — Hellenic tastes and manners — ardent interest in Homer. — Bosporus or Pantikapseum. — Princes of Bosporus — rchitions between Athens and Bosporus. — NymphsEum among the tributary cities under the Athenian empire — how it passed under the Bosporanic princes. — Alliance and recipro- cal good offices between tlie Bosporanic princes Satyrus, Leukon, etc. and the Athenians. Immunities of trade granted to the Athenians — Political condition of the Greeks' of Bosporus — the princes called themselves archons — their empire over barbaric tribes. — Family feuds ariong the Bospoianjc princes — war between Satyinjs aiul
