4(52 IIISTOnY OF GREECE. Penesta; — when ouce agitated by the hope of liberty, wore with ditlicuUy appeased. The government, though greatly deniDcra- tized, found itself unable to maintain tranquillity, and invoked as- sistance from without. Application was made first, to the Athe- nian Timotheus — next, to the Theban Epaminondas ; but neither of them would interfere — nor Avas there, indeed, any motive to tempt them. At length application was made to the exiled citizen lOearchus. This exile, now about forty years of age, intelligent, audacious and unprincipled, had passed four years at Athens partly in hear- ing the lessons of Plato and Isokrates — and had watched with emulous curiosity the brilliant fortune of the despot Dionysius at Syracuse, in whom both these philosophers took interest.^ Dur- ing liis banishment, moreover, he had done what was common with Grecian exiles ; he had taken service with the enemy of his native city, the neighboring prince Mithridates,^ and probably enough against the city itself. As an officer, he distinguished himself much; acquiring renown with the prince and influence ' Diodor. XV. 81. i^ii7.ua£ filv rr/v Atovvalov rov "ZvpaKovaiov diayuyr/v, etc. Memnon, Fragm. c. 1 ; Isokrates, Epist. vii. It is liere that the fragments of Memnon, as abstracted byPhotitis (Cod. 224), begin. Photius had seen only eight books of ilemnon's History of Herakleia (Books ix.-xvi. inclusive) ; neither the first eight books (see the end of his Excerpta from Memnon), nor those after the sixteenth, Iiad come under his view. This is greatly to be regretted, as we are thus shut out from the knowledge of Heraklean affairs anterior to Klearchus. It happens, not unfrequently, with Photius, that he does not possess an entire work, but only parts of it ; this is a curious fact, in reference to the libraries of the ninth century a. d. The fragments of Memnon are collected out of Photius, togetlier with those of Nymphis and other Herakleotic historians, and illustrated with useful notes and citations, in the edition of Orelli ; as well as by K. Miiller, in Didot's Frai^m. Hist. Grree. torn. iii. p. 525. Memnon carried Iiis history down to the time of Julius Caesar, and appears to have lived sliortly after the Christian era. Nymphis (whom he probably copied) was much older; having lived seemingly from about 300-230 u. c. (see the few Fragmenta remaining from him, in the same work, iii. p. 12). The work of the Herak- leotic author Ilerodorus seems to have been altogether upon legendary mat- ter (see Fragm. in the same work, ii. p. 27). lie was half a century earlier than Nymphis. Suidas v. K?Jf^)xo(.
