CHAP. V. JAPANESE TEMPLES. 497 exposed to damp. The roofs of the Shinto temples are often thatched only, and are therefore comparatively much lighter than the Buddhist tiled roofs. The entrance grounds of a Shintd temple are usually preceded by one or more tori-i, a structure which consists of two circular posts carrying an upper and lower cross beam the upper of double thickness and rising slightly at each end. The origin of these is doubtless the Indian Torana, though they are usually regarded now as rests for the birds, which frequent these temples ; like the pagodas, however, they were probably introduced from China, and constitute a simple version of the gateways of the stupas and temples in India as shown in Woodcut No. 38. In Japan, as in China, there appears to be no distinction between the temples and mortuary chapels, and the mausoleum of leyasu at Nikko built on rising ground has the triple enclosure with three entrance gate- ways, and besides the main temple or mortuary chapel, has all the inde- pendent accessories such as the tori-i, pagoda, sacred stable, store-houses, library, drum-tower, belfry, priests' residence, etc., which forms the com- plement of an important Buddhist temple, and in addition a winding pathway up numerous flights of steps leading to the upper mortuary chapel and monumental tomb. In addition to the buildings al- ready described, the enclosures of the Buddhist and Shintd temples con- tain a number of isolated structures, Of which in the Buddhist enclosures the most important are those of the pagodas (Go-ju-no-to), which are found all over the country. In contradistinction to the Chinese pagodas, which are invariably octagon on plan, those in Japan, with one exception at Bessho, are always square. The most ancient example is the pagoda at Horiuji, said to have been built by carpenters from Korea in the then Chinese style, if so, it represents a type which has entirely disappeared in China; there is one example with square plan at Korea, but this, following the Chinese custom, is built in brick. Great forests are said to have always existed in Korea, so that in the first centuries of our era there may have been an abundance of timber resulting in wood construction, the perfected type of which we see in the pagoda at Horiuji (Plate LXII.) where, as in the adjoining temple, will VOL. II. 2 I io o io 2o 30 Feel 511. Plan of the Horiuji Pagoda. From Baltzer, ' Architektur der Kultbauten Japans.'
