reached a certain stage of development without any explanation of the phenomena of vegetation from physics or chemistry, and even in spite of erroneous theories on those subjects. What Malpighi, Hales, and to some extent Du Hamel produced, was really vegetable physiology, and of a better kind than some moderns are inclined to believe; and their knowledge was derived from observations on living plants, and not from the chemical and physical theories of their time. The discovery even of important facts, for example, that green leaves only can form the food suitable to effect the growth and formation of new organs, was made a hundred years before that of the decomposition of carbon dioxide by the green parts of plants, at a time indeed when chemistry knew nothing of carbon dioxide and oxygen. A whole series of physiological discoveries might be mentioned, which were distinctly opposed to chemical and physical theories, and even served to correct them. We may give as examples, the establishment of the facts that roots absorb water and the materials of food without giving up anything in return, which seemed quite unintelligible on the earlier physical theory of the endosmotic equivalent; and that the so-called chemical rays of the physicists are of subordinate importance in vegetable assimilation, while contrary to the prevailing notions of physicists and chemists the yellow portions of the spectrum and those adjacent to it actively promote the decomposition of carbon dioxide. From what doctrines of the physicists could it have been concluded, that the downward growth of roots and the upward growth of stems was due to gravitation, as Knight proved in 1806 by experiments on living plants; or could optics have foreseen that the growth of plants is retarded by light, and that growing parts are curved under its influence. Our best knowledge of the life of plants has been obtained by direct observation, not deduced from chemical and physical theories. After these preliminary remarks we may proceed to give a rapid survey of the progress of vegetable physiology.
