direct work of a Creator; but they had nothing better to put in the place of this idea, and hence Sprengel's discoveries not being understood were neglected till Darwin recognised all their importance, and by opposing the theory of descent and selection to the principle of design was in a position not only to show that they had a scientific meaning, but also to employ them as powerful supports of the theory of selection. Then, too, it became possible rightly to appreciate the contributions of Knight, Herbert, and K. F. Gärtner to the further completion of Sprengel's doctrine, for their discoveries also were for a while neglected. A few years after the appearance of Sprengel's book, Andrew Knight[1] relying on the results of experiments made for the purpose of comparing self-fertilisation and crossing in the genus Pisum, laid down the principle, that no plant fertilises itself through an unlimited number of generations; in 1837 Herbert summed up the results of his numerous experiments in fertilisation in the statement, that he was inclined to believe that he attained a better result, when he fertilised the flowers from which he wished to obtain seeds with pollen from another individual of the same variety or at least from another flower, than when he fertilised it with its own pollen; K. F. Gärtner came to the same conclusion after experiments in fertilising Passiflora, Lobelia, and species of Fuchsia in 1844. In these observations lay the first germ of the answer to the question left undecided by Sprengel, why most flowers are so constructed that fertilisation can only be fully effected by the crossing of different flowers or of different plants of the same species; the artificial crossings of this kind, which Knight, Herbert, and Gärtner compared with the self-fertilisation of single flowers, showed that crossing procures a more complete and vigorous impregnation than self-fertilisation. It was but a short step from this fact to the idea, that
- ↑ See Hermann Mullcr, 'Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insecten,' Leipzig (1873), p. 5.
